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e., they were instructed to maintain gaze at the fixation cross; see Figure ?Figure22). Pilot testing showed that with stimulus sizes of about 2.0�� and cut-off section sizes of about 0.7�� (the retinal eccentricity was approximately 10.0��), the target��s orientation could be discriminated without gaze shifts. The search items (i.e., target and distractors) within the triangular configuration were arranged on an elliptical layout with horizontal and vertical axes of 7.14�� and 6.77��, respectively. There were six possible target and distractor locations on the virtual ellipse. With respect to the previous trial n-1, targets on the current trial n appeared at one of three types of position: at the same position as the target on the previous trial (probability: 16%), at the position of a distractor on the previous trial (probability: 33%), or at a position where there had been no stimulus on the previous trial (i.e., neutral condition: probability: 50%). Figure ?Figure11 illustrates the various cross-trial transition conditions. In Experiments 1 and 2, the fixation cross and the search items were presented in three possible display regions. In different sessions, they were arranged either along the horizontal or the vertical display axis. In the horizontal sessions, the search items were presented in the left-center-right parts of the screen; and in the vertical session, they were presented in the top�Ccenter�Cbottom parts. The difference between the two experiments was in the regularity of the http://www.selleckchem.com/products/r428.html sequences for stimulus presentation. In Experiment 1, the appearance of the search items in a given display followed an invariant temporal structure: left �� right �� center �� center �� center �� center �� left �� right (horizontal session) and top �� bottom �� center �� center �� center �� center �� top �� bottom (vertical session). As can be seen, this structure consisted of eight ordered trials, which were repeated throughout the entire experiment (1.008/8 trials = 126 sequence repetitions in total). In a given sequence, both the positions of the search display (but not the target position) and of the fixation cross were predictable across trials. Note that although the placement of the search items followed a predictable sequence, observers could not predict the ��local�� position of the target (within the triangular item configuration) on a given trial, and they were not expressly told about the sequence manipulation in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, by contrast, the items appeared in a randomly chosen region: left �� left �� left �� center �� right ���� (horizontal axis) and bottom �� bottom �� top �� bottom �� center ���� (vertical axis).