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05 was considered heterogeneous). If there was significant heterogeneity among studies, the random-effects model was used; otherwise, the fixed-effects model was employed. We also examined the I2 statistic, which measures the percentage of the total variation across studies which results from heterogeneity rather than chance (I2��50% was considered moderately or very heterogeneous). A sensitivity analysis was conducted to examine the influence of various exclusion criteria on overall effect sizes. Begg's tests26 and funnel plots were used to assess publication bias. We used RevMan V.5.2 and STATA V.12.0 (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, USA) to perform statistical analyses. p in the meta-analysis (figure 1). The characteristics of these 12 studies are given in table 1, and the MOS of each study are listed in table 2. Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies Table?2 Modified Oxford scores of the included studies Figure?1 Flow diagram of screened, excluded and analysed articles. VAS values All 12 included articles11�C22 reported pain intensity using VAS scores, but one21 only reported the mean VAS score values. Therefore, 11 studies11�C20 22 involving 320 patients were eligible for Telomerase assessment of postoperative pain intensity. The bupivacaine plus morphine group demonstrated significantly lower mean VAS scores (WMD ?1.58; 95% CI ?2.16 to ?1.01; p last VAS scores (WMD ?1.53; 95% CI ?1.98 to ?1.09; p