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To compare brain volume, CT, and SA in 22q11DS vs. controls, we conducted an ANCOVA for each identified region in each hemisphere, with diagnosis (22q11DS vs. control) as the between subject factor and total intracranial brain Gemcitabine clinical trial volume/SA, sex, scanner site, and age as the covariates. To ensure that outliers were not driving any of our significant differences, these analyses were also conducted with outliers (those with values >?3 standard deviations away from the mean value) removed. To address whether the relationship between age and neuroanatomic measures differed between groups, we first visually examined the scatter plots. In plots that visually indicated age???group interactions, we then added age???group interaction terms to the original ANCOVA models for each brain region. This resulted in a total of 14 analyses. We examined volume in the left paracentral cortex and Imatinib right precuneus, CT in the right frontal pole, lateral occipital and lingual cortices and left pericalcarine region, and in bilateral middle frontal, precuneus, postcentral and fusiform cortices. If significant group???age interactions were detected, Pearson correlations between the ROI and age were calculated for each group (22q11DS and controls) separately. Then, to directly compare the strength of correlations between the two groups, a Fisher r-to-z transformation was conducted. For statistical analyses corresponding to the third aim of our study (i.e., to determine whether the brain regions investigated above are associated with variability in positive symptoms in 22q11DS patients), we examined the relationship between CT and SA and SIPS positive symptom scores in 22q11DS. Because cortical volume is derived from these two indices, we did not additionally Florfenicol examine volume in relation to positive symptoms. Residuals were calculated from each variable, after regressing out the effects of age and sex. Then, Pearson correlations (corresponding to age- and sex-adjusted partial correlations) were conducted between each brain region with residualized positive symptoms. False discovery rate (FDR) q-values were used to correct for multiple comparisons (300 comparisons in total), and were estimated using SAS/STAT software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA), with a threshold of q??.05 and