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This allowed us to measure both gestural and verbal onset times in the child��s responses to parental questions. Recordings for Alex were made approximately every 2 weeks, beginning at age 1;4.20 until 3;5.15, for a total of 51 video sessions. For our analysis, we chose 26 of these sessions, one per month, to capture snapshots of Alex��s development. If any particular month had fewer than 10 tokens of the relevant question�Canswer types, and if there was an additional video available in that month, we drew on both video sessions. We did this for nine sessions��at 1;7, 1;11, 2;2, 2;3, 2;8, 2;10, 3;1, 3;2, and 3;4��so each of these months was represented by two data sessions from Alex, for a total of 35 videos in all. In order to analyze the time it took for the child to answer his mother��s questions, we MAO compared gestural and verbal responses. Gestural responses offer a non-verbal form of response that avoids the need to find appropriate words, while verbal responses require finding and producing an appropriate answer. Where and Which questions can be answered with either a gestural or verbal response, or both. We extracted all Where and Which questions, and measured the onset times of all responses provided by the child. We identified a total of 502 Where and Which questions in the 35 videos selected, and then identified all the responses given. The adult (mother) in each case treated the child��s responses as answers to the question just asked. Moreover, the majority of these responses explicitly provided relevant semantic information: a target-place in response to Where questions, and a chosen alternative in response to Which questions. The one response-type we were unable to assess was vocal babble on its own: these babbles were consistent in form but, to us, uninterpretable. His mother, however, treated these too as appropriate responses. Coding We coded all the child responses using the following categories: (i) gesture: manual gesture (G) to the target object��s location, (ii) speech: babble (B), repeat of a term from the adult question (R), new verbal response (V), and (iii) location: on camera or off camera (O). We also coded as ��no response�� (N) any questions the child failed to answer, questions where the child was impeded from responding (i.e., while eating, or with a body position that delayed a possible gestural response), and questions asked when the child was already manipulating, or speaking about, the relevant object. We collected metadata for each question/response pair, including: (i) age of child, (ii) video file, (iii) timestamp for that question in the video session (HH:MM:SS), (iv) question type (Where or Which), (v) the adult��s actual question, and (vi) the content of the child��s response. Next, we used a Python script to extract 12 s of audio/video for each of the 502 questions we had identified, beginning 2 s before each question onset.