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Materials and Methods Virus The attenuated RVFV MP-12 strain was provided by the United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases. The virulent Saudi Arabia isolate SA01-1322 (Miller et al., 2002) was provided by R. Bowen, Colorado State University through B. Miller, Centers for Disease Control, Fort Collins, CO, USA. Experiments with the SA01-1322 strain were performed at Kansas State University��s Biosecurity Research Institute BSL-3+ laboratory, and the MP-12 experiments were completed outside of the high-containment facility at a BSL-2 laboratory. Both virus strains were propagated in CT99021 mammalian-derived cell cultures and low passage stocks were used for experiments. Cell Lines The African green monkey Vero cell line is a clone from the Middle America Research Unit (MARU). The frog (Xenopus laevis) kidney cell line was obtained from Jane Homan at the University of Wisconsin, and is commercially available through American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, VA, USA. The sheep (Ovis aries, breed unknown), calf (Bos taurus, breed: black angus), pig (Sus scrofa, breed: duroc), American pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), elk (Cervus elaphus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (O. virginianus), and coyote (Canis latrans) cell lines were initiated and established by the Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit (ABADRU), Manhattan, KS, USA from tissues derived from specimens donated to ABADRU or the Wyoming State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Briefly, primary lung and kidney cells were harvested by manual homogenization, and then pressed through tissue sieves. Subsequent cells were washed and resuspended in 199E media (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA) supplemented with 10% gamma-irradiated fetal bovine serum (FBS; Sigma�CAldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 1x antibiotics (penicillin and streptomycin)-antimycotic (amphotericin B; PSF; Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA). Non-adherent cells were removed and media replaced at weekly intervals. Cell lines were screened for bacteria, fungi, and mycoplasma contamination by cultivation methods or using the MycoTect kit (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA). Specific tests for the presence of bovine viral diarrhea and bluetongue viruses were also performed. Certain cell lines were additionally screened for other viral contaminants by electron microscopy using negative staining techniques. All of the cell lines used for this study were negative for contaminants included in the screening processes mentioned. Lung cultures were a mixture of fibroblastic and endothelial like cells. All brain cell lines used in this study were prepared similar to the lung and kidney cell lines as described above and then transformed.