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Table?4 Comparison of alcohol use in SCOPE Centre's Table?5 Log linear binomial regression for risk of alcohol consumption Oxygenase during pregnancy in SCOPE Discussion Our findings show a high prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy (ranging from 20% to 80% in Ireland), from 40% upwards in the UK, Australia and New Zealand, and high levels of binge drinking during pregnancy (in excess of 45% in the Irish centre of the SCOPE cohort). These findings illustrate low adherence to alcohol guidelines advising complete abstinence from alcohol during pregnancy in Ireland,1 New Zealand2 and Australia, and NICE guidelines in the UK advising consumption of no more than 1�C2?units once or twice per week.5 We found that this high prevalence was, in general, pervasive across all social groups, and of the predictors of alcohol consumption examined, smoking was the only consistent predictor of alcohol use across all cohorts and countries examined. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first cross-cohort comparison of the prevalence and predictors of alcohol use during pregnancy. Our study goes beyond measurement of alcohol use during pregnancy with just one cohort or one measurement method, but examines prevalence and predictors using different measurement techniques in the same population. It also examines variation in prevalence keeping measurement constant across different settings. The study had a large sample size of almost 18?000 women. We were able to examine prevalence using different modes of administration (anonymised self-administered postal survey in PRAMS, trained government interview in GUI, antenatal midwife-collected data in SCOPE) and timing of administration (2�C9?months postpartum in PRAMS, 9�C12?months postpartum in GUI, and in the second trimester of pregnancy in SCOPE). However, as we used self-reported alcohol consumption data, reporting and recall biases may exist, and where the true estimate lies (ranging from 20% in GUI to 80% in SCOPE) is unclear. Our findings of reduced alcohol consumption in women who had low birth weight infants in both the retrospective studies may suggest differential recall bias among women with adverse birth outcomes, since similar evidence was not found in the prospective SCOPE cohort where data was collected concurrently before women knew the outcome of their pregnancy. Estimates of prevalence may vary across the studies, in part, due to methodological differences in the assessment of alcohol related to the nature, content and timing of questions. The interaction of these methodological differences with a participant's desire to report in a socially desirable way may also explain variation in reporting across studies. For example, in the GUI cohort, women may have under-reported to a greater extent due to the influence of social desirability in the presence of a trained government interviewer.