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No additional studies were found.""The clinical utility of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and in particular exposure therapy, has long been established, especially in terms of its effects on relieving the symptoms associated with anxiety disorders (Hofmann, 2008). Nevertheless, for some clinically anxious people, exposure is insufficient at alleviating their symptoms or, where there is symptom improvement, they may relapse over time (Craske and Mystkowski, 2006). There has been little research #MAO randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# into why there are differences between individuals in their responses to treatment although it is perhaps not surprising that such differences exist given the diversity that exists in the biological, psychological, and social pathways to the onset and maintenance of anxiety. Interest is developing in the area of stratified medicine and tailoring treatment to individual profiles, rather than assuming that treatment is one-size-fits-all (Lester and Eley, 2013). There is a need, therefore, to better understand the mechanisms that underlie anxiety disorders and how these might influence treatment. Disorders such as specific phobia, social anxiety disorder (SAD), panic disorder (PD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are characterized by excessively intense, frequent and enduring fear or anxiety concerning the possible occurrence of something terrible. Fear is often an adaptive response to threat, wherein there is a rapid, involuntary, physiological reaction that facilitates the selection and production of an appropriate behavioral or cognitive response (Ekman, 1992). Anxiety is the prospective connection between this fear response and events in the future (Hofmann et al., 2012). Anxious people display hypersensitivity in recognizing, processing and responding to threat-related information even in the absence of actual threat. Where a non-anxious person might rapidly recognize an actual source of threat in their environment, such as an approaching snake, someone with specific phobia for snakes might also display fear and the accompanying neurocognitive response to a shoelace on their kitchen floor. The onset and maintenance of anxiety disorders has been associated with biases in attention, and in particular, a tendency to be easily distracted by potential threats and to maintain attentional focus on these threats at the expense of attending to other, perhaps more important, things in the environment (Bar-Haim et al., 2007). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders therefore seeks to reduce fear and anxiety as well as the neurocognitive mechanisms that underlie them (Hofmann, 2008).