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8% of the hospitalizations) that occurred in the hospital during the study period. In this subsample, Ceftiofur 1095 patients were females (57.9%) and 796 were males (42.1%). Cases were matched to the respective control subjects according to the approach described in the Methods section. The results are displayed in Table 5. Patients who were identified as suffering from an ADE were associated with significantly higher average treatment costs of ��970 (median ��314) per patient (��5,113 �� 10,059; range ��179�C246,288; median ��2,701; ��1,636�C5,111 [Q1�CQ3]) than people in the control group (��4,143 �� 6,968; range ��154�C148,479; median ��2,387; ��1,432�C4,701 [Q1�CQ3]) and required an extended hospital stay of 2.9 (median 1.0 day) extra days (P 3-Methyladenine chemical structure (=16.3 million patients �� 0.038 �� ��970) and ADEs may sum to a total of 1.8 million extra days of hospitalization (=16.3 million patients �� 0.038 �� 2.9 days). Considering these figures, one might estimate that ADEs cause total direct costs of ��1.058 billion per year. In our study, we identified a substantial number of ADEs (n = 564) that were highly likely to have resulted in hospitalizations with costs of ��1,978 �� ��2,036 (range ��191�C18,147; median ��1,446; ��843�C2,480 [Q1�CQ3]) per patient (��analysis 1��). In the second part, the mean excess treatment costs of ADE patients equal ��970 (median ��314) and the respective control subjects (n = 1,891) were calculated (��analysis 2��). Total annual nationwide costs were estimated to be ��1.058 billion. Considerable similarities in http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Sunitinib-Malate-(Sutent).html the economic consequences of ADEs, but also a number of differences (particularly when focusing on epidemiology), exist between this and previous studies. Ambulatory ADEs often lead to hospitalization and occur in 1.4% to 15.4% of the hospitalized patients [18], [25]?and?[26]. The admission rate frequency that we identified in our sample (1.14%) was lower than the 2% to 15% attributable to ADEs reported elsewhere [5], [27]?and?[28]. The difference may result from the young patient sample (mean age 47.4 years) or the possibility that the detection algorithm missed ADEs included in other studies. Regarding ADEs occurring after hospitalization, our result (3.8%) is in line with that of Senst et al. [28], who reported an ADE rate of 4.2% in a four-hospital health care network in the United States.