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in insular elements, at the very least in humans. Several research performed on nonhuman primates described connections involving the claustrum and quite a few cortical and sub-cortical regions. Based on that, we are able to speculate that the claustrum could be reciprocally connected for the insular cortex via the extreme capsule. The original description of Gng in the rat claustrum implied that the protein was expressed in neurons, even though the resolution on the photos was directed to identify relatively big structures and not single cells and no co-localization research had been performed. Our data show that Gng is co-localized with GFAP, and consequently expressed by astrocytes, a truth substantiated by the morphology of constructive elements observed in the confocal Gng and NetrinG in the Human Claustrum microscope. Failure to co-localize Gng together with the Cy5 Nhs Ester Ge Healthcare neurofilament protein N additional recommend that the protein is present in glial cells. On the other hand, provided the limits of post-mortem samples, our information can not exclude the presence of Gng also within a population of neurons, as formerly reported in the human cerebral cortex. Additional research, with perfusion fixation performed in rodents, could help resolve the challenge. Our findings relating to the Netrin-G showed that this marker protein was present in neurons from the claustrum and insular cortex, but not inside the medially adjacent putamen. These outcomes were in line with these described inside the monkey claustrum where, employing in situ hybridization, a sturdy expression of NetrinG was observed. Latexin constructive neurons were reported to be present inside the cat claustrum and insular cortex. Inside the present study, we detected no latexin-immunoreactive element within the section on the human claustrum and adjacent areas, such as the cortex. Attainable explanations include species-specific variability or possible loss of signal due to post-mortem interval occurred just before sampling. Having said that, we emphasize that latexin mRNA was not detected in the monkey neocortex plus the selective worth of this protein as a claustrum marker really should be further investigated, at least in primates. In our experimental series, immunostaining with both Gng and Netrin-G were in a position to nicely delineate the structure in the claustrum and its borders. Even so, inside the case of Gng, the presence of immunostained components within the adjacent capsules and insular cortex could either indicate a lesser specificity on the protein as marker in the human, or possibly a typical ontogenetic origin of all optimistic formations. To this effect, the findings reported in this report may well contribute to an understanding on the ontogeny of this enigmatic structure. The ontogeny from the claustrum is still open for discussion. Three main theories exist. Based on the pallial theory, the claustrum is thought of a derivative of insular cortex. The sub-pallial theory depicted the claustrum as derived in the ganglionic eminence or paleostriatal angle by means of a ventrolateral migration on the ventricular matrix along with the basal ganglia. The third theory, or hybrid theory, supports the hypothesis that the claustrum has each a pallial and a sub-pallial derivation. Gene expression studies in mice demonstrated the presence of pallial markers in the claustrum and in the basal amygdala but not within the striatal structures.