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0053, P?Dabigatran The ratio of the peak stress to equilibrium stress during stress relaxation testing ( Fig.?6) at 10% strain in unconfined compression significantly reduced (P?=?0.006) upon removal of the SR from 2.07 (1.89, 2.25) to 1.68 (1.47, 1.9) suggesting a reduced ability to maintain fluid load support. Layer specific mechanical testing revealed a similar trend of increasing aggregate and equilibrium moduli with depth, whilst in general the confined and unconfined dynamic moduli of the SR was lower than the remaining cartilage [Fig.?7(A, B)]. Experimental data fit to a linear bi-phasic model of articular cartilage in confined compression revealed a significantly lower hydraulic this website permeability in the SR (1.98?��?10?15 (1.03?��?10?15, 2.93?��?10?15)?m4/N��s) compared to the remaining cartilage (3.22?��?10?15 (2.46?��?10?15, 3.97?��?10?15)?m4/N��s) when tested in isolation (P?=?0.028). The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that removal of the SR of the tissue will influence both the flow dependent and independent properties of articular cartilage, leading to an increase in the equilibrium modulus but a reduction in the dynamic modulus of the tissue. In confined compression, significant increases in the aggregate modulus (HA) of the osteochondral cores upon removal of the SR were observed, which is in agreement with the literature 12, 14, 18, 28?and?41. This rise in stiffness corresponded with a significant increase in sGAG content with depth from the articular surface 42, 43, 44?and?45. However, while removal of the SR increased the aggregate modulus of the remaining tissue, a significant reduction in the dynamic modulus was observed. This is despite the fact that when tested in isolation the dynamic modulus of this layer at high offset strains was significantly lower than the remaining tissue in both confined and unconfined compression as has been observed in previous studies 33?and?46, confirming that in isolation the SR is the softest Selumetinib price part of the tissue in compression. While the finding of an increased equilibrium modulus upon removal of the SR is intuitive, the finding that the dynamic modulus decreased with removal of this soft layer requires further discussion. The reduction in dynamic modulus may be partially explained by geometric effects. Consider first the gel diffusion time, given by ��m=(��2/HAk) (s), where �� in confined compression is given by the height (m) of the sample, HA(Pa) is the aggregate modulus and k(m4N?1s?1) is the hydraulic permeability 17?and?47. By reducing the sample height, this effectively reduces the gel diffusion time.