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1 m/s, as the heel markers were missing in several data sets. A step was set as a ��0.03 m displacement of the toe marker lasting for ��0.05 s. Spurious steps were eliminated after visual check of all records (less than 2%). The following parameters were calculated from the identified steps: number of steps per minute and mean and SD of step length and step velocity for both feet combined. Upper body movements were registered by the marker placed at the lower back, and parameters were calculated separately for medio-lateral BML-190 (ML) and anterior-posterior (AP) directions. The following parameters were calculated for upper body movements: mean and SD of upper body velocity in ML and AP directions. Area covered by the feet and the upper body BI2536 markers was calculated as the area of an ellipsoid with the length of the principle axis set equal to 1.96*SD of the variation identified by singular value decomposition (Oliveira et al., 1996). In addition, a movement area ratio was calculated as where values close to 1.0 indicate that the movements of the feet and the upper body cover equal-sized areas, whereas larger values indicate that the feet cover a larger area than the upper body. Statistics Potential redundancy of the independent variables was checked with Spearman��s correlations. Correlations between the 11 movement characteristics varied from 0.014 to 0.883, indicating that none of the independent variables were redundant. Independent samples t-tests were used to check whether independent variables differed significantly between fallers and non-fallers. A linear mixed model for repeated measures was used to analyze characteristics of step and upper body movements with fixed effects of Game (2), Level (2), and Trial (5), and interactions between them. The same analysis with Trial as a covariate did not affect the results. The restricted maximum likelihood method (REML) was used for the estimation of fixed and random effect parameters. All statistical analyses were performed with IBM SPSS Statistics version 22. Statistical level of significance was set at p Cyclopamine in vivo are shown in Table ?Table11. All participants were retired, independently living elderly. Three of the participants had some previous experience with game consoles designed for entertainment, but none of them had used exergames on a regular basis. During game play, all participants expressed high levels of enjoyment when playing both exergames, and participants preferred the Medium level to the Easy level due to the increased cognitive and physical challenge. Table 1 Participant characteristics. None of the falls had resulted in an injury. Independent samples t-tests on all independent variables indicated that there were no significant differences between those who had reported one or more falls the previous year and the non-fallers.