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Statistical analyses were performed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, Fisher's exact test, and Wilcoxon rank sum test. Ninety-five eyes of 81 patients with simple CNLDO and 100 eyes of 83 patients with complex CNLDO were compared. The mean age at presentation was 17.6 months in simple CNLDO and 45.6 months in complex cases (p DAPT noted commonly in older children, with irrigation and probing having much poorer outcomes when compared with simpler obstructions. ""Background Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for the processing of antigens, T lymphocyte priming and the development of asthma and allergy. Smokers with asthma lazabemide display altered therapeutic behaviour and a reduction in endobronchial DC CD83 expression compared with non-smokers with asthma. No information is available on the impact of smoking on peripheral blood DC profiles. Objective Determine peripheral blood DC profiles in subjects with and without asthma with differing smoking histories. Methods Forty-three Veliparib price asthmatics (17 smokers, nine ex-smokers and 17 never�Csmokers) and 16 healthy volunteers (nine smokers and seven never�Csmokers) were recruited. Spirometry, exhaled nitric oxide and venesection was performed. DC elution was by flow cytometry via the expression of DC surface markers [plasmacytoid (pDC) (BDCA-2, CD303), type 1 conventional (cDC) (BDCA-1, CD1c), and type 2 cDC (BDCA-3, CD141)]. Results Subjects with asthma displayed increases in all DC subtypes compared with normal never-smokers: [type 1 cDCs �C asthma [median% (IQR)]: 0.59% (0.41, 0.74), normal never-smokers: 0.35% (0.26, 0.43), P=0.013]; type 2 cDCs �C asthma: 0.04% (0.02, 0.06), normal never-smokers: 0.02% (0.01, 0.03), P=0.008 and pDCs �C asthma: 0.32% (0.27, 0.46), normal never-smokers: 0.22% (0.17, 0.31), P=0.043, and increased pDC and type 1 cDCs compared with normal smokers. Smoking did not affect DC proportions in asthma. Cigarette smoking reduced pDC proportions in normal subjects [normal never�Csmokers: 0.22% (0.17, 0.31); normal smokers: 0.09% (0.08, 0.15), P=0.003]. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance This study shows for the first time that subjects with asthma display a large increase in peripheral blood DC proportions. Cigarette smoking in asthma did not affect the peripheral blood DC profile but did suppress pDC proportions in non-asthmatic subjects.