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tectorum. The perennial grass used was Agropyron cristatum, a native to Russia and central Asia. This grass is often used to rehabilitate degraded rangelands in the western USA, and well-established stands effectively suppress B. tectorum (Evans and Young 1978; Wicks 1997). Two hypotheses were tested: (i) soil conditioning brought about by established A. cristatum will reduce availability of soil mineral N and P to levels low click here enough to significantly reduce growth of B. tectorum, and (ii) occupation of biological soil space by roots of A. cristatum will cause roots of B. tectorum to alter their architecture, morphology and activity resulting in reduced growth, i.e. suppression. Methods Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse at Reno, NV, USA (39��32��17.20��N; 119��48��22.89��W). Prior to each experiment, soil substrate was freshly collected from a Krascheninnikovia lanata (winterfat) site, invaded by B. tectorum for about 12 years, ?80 km northwest of Reno, NV, USA (40��7��59.43��N; 120��6��56.18��W). This soil, conditioned by B. tectorum, has elevated soil N availability relative to nearby soil conditioned by native vegetation (Blank and Morgan 2013). AZD0530 Surface soils (0�C25 cm, corresponding to the A horizon) were composited from an area of ?10 m2. Soils, loamy sand in texture, were sieved to diglyceride Two seeds of A. cristatum were sown in the rhizotrons 6 cm from each edge to leave an 18 cm space in between for later planting of B. tectorum, and allowed to establish for 68 days, the conditioning phase. We define conditioning as the plant species-dependent engendering specific traits such as carbon flow, root exudation, nutrient uptake, root occupancy of soil space, alteration of the soil microbial community etc. that might affect competitive interactions. During establishment, A. cristatum was supplemented with 500�C1000 mL of deionized water per week depending on depletion in the rhizotron as gauged by visual inspection when opaque backs were removed.