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We hypothesize that this effect of warming on bud development of ��Titania�� is due to a relatively low chilling requirement, which may partly have been met in November. In accordance, the majority of evaluated buds of ��Titania�� bursted during forcing in December and January, whereas Fluorouracil concentration ��Narve Viking�� remained dormant. Several models have been developed for quantifying winter chill, e.g. the Chilling Hours Model, the Utah Model and the Dynamic Model (Luedeling et al. 2011). The chill unit accumulation of UNC2881 requirement of ��Narve Viking�� may partly be a result of the mild autumn and a relatively warm period in late December (Fig.?1). The optimal chilling temperature is generally low in blackcurrant (even below 0 ��C in some cultivars) compared with other temperate-zone perennials, but it varies between genotypes (Rose and Cameron SRT1720 2009; Jones et al. 2013), making it difficult to compare chilling requirements across cultivars in a dynamic climate with varying temperatures. Despite a delay in dormancy release warming significantly advanced leaf unfolding and flowering in both cultivars (Fig.?6), implying that the magnitude of both cultivars' response to warming was greater during the forcing phase in spring than during the dormancy period. The significantly smaller effect of warming on spring phenology of ��Narve Viking�� compared with ��Titania�� was likely due to this cultivars�� larger chilling requirement. Hence, by analysing long-term data on phenology and seasonal temperatures from 490 species Cook et al. (2012) recently documented that species that do not advance their springtime phenology or delay their timing in response to warming are not less sensitive to spring temperature forcing than species with advanced budburst and flowering. Instead, in these apparently non-responding genotypes dormancy or vernalization responses compensate for spring warming responses that would otherwise advance spring phenology.