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Interestingly, effects of living on a farm were also detected HDAC inhibitor for the innate immunity-related genes CD14 and TLR2. Higher expression of CD14 and a trend for higher expression of TLR2 were detected at the foetal side of the placenta from families living on a farm compared to not living on a farm (Fig.?4). Similar results have been reported previously with increased mRNA expression levels of CD14 and TLR2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from 10-year-old children of farmers compared to nonfarmers�� children (23). Furthermore, decreased levels of CD14 and TLR2 mRNA in maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cord blood mononuclear cells of their children have been associated with parental allergy (24). CD14 and TLR2 can bind bacterial components and trigger the innate immune response. Increased levels of CD14 and TLR2 indirectly suggest a higher microbial exposure, which has been reported to have a protective effect against allergy see more development (7). It has been suggested that this protective effect is a result of innate immune stimulation leading to the development of tolerance (22). The influence of CD14 and TLR2 on allergy development could also be more direct because single nucleotide polymorphisms in these genes can modify the associations between farming and allergy development or asthma (25�C27). Additional trends, with P-values LMTK2 genetically half paternal. We detected lower mRNA levels of the Th1 type cytokine IL-12(p40) and a trend for lower expression levels of the stress-related GR�� and GR�� at the foetal side of the placenta of families with sensitized compared to nonsensitized fathers. Glucocorticoids are known to negatively regulate GR expression (16); lower GR levels could therefore indicate higher levels of placental glucocorticoids. Higher intrauterine glucocorticoid levels are suggested to influence the development of the foetal immune system and increase the risk of allergy development (6, 28). The expression levels of GR�� and GR�� are relatively high (Fig.?1) and could be influenced by other more stress-related factors not analysed here, such as mode of delivery. Relative gene expression patterns were calculated and revealed variation between the placentas (Fig.?2).