Ntrol. CDS at 4.3 , ash of CDS at 0.two , and

Neither H. downesi nor S.carpocapsae adversely affected numbers, diversity or species composition of non-target beetle species emerging from stumps. A non-target insect of specific concern is definitely the native parasitoid of pine weevil larvae, Bracon hylobii. Inside the laboratory, nematodes can kill parasitoid larvae and adults and may AZD6244 compete with them for hosts, but in field trials applied nematodes and native populations of B. hylobii had additive suppressive effects on populations of H. abietis. Native wood-colonising and/or entomopathogenic fungi may possibly affect pine weevils in stumps, plus the application of selected fungi, either native or exotic,.Ntrol. CDS at four.3 , ash of CDS at 0.2 , and ash of turkey manure at 1 increased plant mass by 42 , 34 and 28 , respectively, even though CDS at 4.three also reduced plant height by 22 . In Experiment 2, there had been no considerable effects of soil amendment therapy on SCN population, plant height, or plant mass. These results show some organic soil amendments successfully lower SCN population after 1 generation, but aren't consistently productive just after two generations. The amendments might have had short-term nematicidal action that dissipated with time. Higher initial SCN population size appears to dilute effects of amendment soon after two generations as all round SCN population across remedies at 40 DAP was greater in Experiment two than Experiment 1 and amendment effects have been absent at 70 DAP for Experiment two. MULTITROPHIC INTERACTIONS INVOLVING ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES APPLIED AGAINST PINE WEEVILS Within a FOREST ECOSYSTEM. Griffin, Christine T.1, A.M. Dillon2, C.D. Harvey1 and C.D. Williams1. 1st we examine things influencing the accomplishment of nematodes against the target, making use of a meta-analysis of 22 field trials. The evaluation showed that nematode species and soil sort affected results to a considerably higher extent than tree species (Pinus spp. or Picea sitchensis). Heterorhabditis downesi was superior to Steinernema carpocapsae, and efficacy of464 Journal of Nematology, Volume 44, No. four, December 2012 each nematode species was greater in very organic peat than in mineral soils. Having said that, S. carpocapsae performed surprisingly properly for an ambush forager, locating weevils inside tree roots at depths of more than 40 cm in soil. Laboratory studies show that S. carpocapsae may possibly make use of the tree roots as ``route-ways enabling them to locate weevils deep in soil. Whilst there was no evidence that host density affected nematode efficacy, it had a constructive impact on nematode persistence right after 48 months, suggesting that the infective juveniles recovered at this time had recycled in hosts. Clearfelled coniferous forests represent a semi-natural habitat. At the time when nematodes are applied (1-2 years right after felling), stumps have already been colonised by diverse invertebrates and microbes. Neither H. downesi nor S.carpocapsae adversely impacted numbers, diversity or species composition of non-target beetle species emerging from stumps. A non-target insect of specific concern may be the native parasitoid of pine weevil larvae, Bracon hylobii. Inside the laboratory, nematodes can kill parasitoid larvae and adults and can compete with them for hosts, but in field trials applied nematodes and native populations of B. hylobii had additive suppressive effects on populations of H.