Ntrol. CDS at 4.three , ash of CDS at 0.2 , and

These benefits show some organic soil amendments properly cut down SCN population soon after a single generation, but aren't consistently helpful just after two generations. The amendments may have had short-term nematicidal action that dissipated over time. Higher initial SCN population size appears to dilute effects of amendment right after two generations as general SCN population across treatment options at 40 DAP was larger in Experiment two than Experiment 1 and amendment effects were absent at 70 DAP for Experiment 2. And Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ; and 2National Plant Protection Organisation, Nematology MULTITROPHIC INTERACTIONS INVOLVING ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES APPLIED AGAINST PINE WEEVILS Inside a FOREST ECOSYSTEM. Griffin, Christine T.1, A.M. Dillon2, C.D. Harvey1 and C.D. Williams1. 1 Division of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Ireland; and 2Coillte Teoranta, Newtownmountkennedy, County Wicklow, Ireland. Entomopathogenic nematodes is usually prosperous against insects in cryptic habitats, such as pine weevils (Hylobius spp.) that are serious pests of forestry in northern temperate regions. Pine weevils breed in stumps of felled coniferous trees, and emerging adults feed on newly planted seedlings. In Europe, populations of Hylobius Ed, and subsequently processed for anti-Myc immunoreactivity. Ten plasmid-injected embryos and abietis are suppressed making use of nematodes applied about tree stumps to target building weevils. Here we explore intraguild and trophic interactions in this belowground forest ecosystem. Initial we examine elements influencing the achievement of nematodes against the target, using a meta-analysis of 22 field trials. The evaluation showed that nematode species and soil type impacted results to a a great deal greater extent than tree species (Pinus spp. or Picea sitchensis). Heterorhabditis downesi was superior to Steinernema carpocapsae, and efficacy of464 Journal of Nematology, Volume 44, No. 4, December 2012 both nematode species was greater in very organic peat than in mineral soils. Having said that, S. carpocapsae performed surprisingly properly for an ambush forager, locating weevils inside tree roots at depths of a lot more than 40 cm in soil. Laboratory studies show that S. carpocapsae may make use of the tree roots as ``route-ways enabling them to find weevils deep in soil. Whilst there was no evidence that host density impacted nematode efficacy, it had a positive impact on nematode persistence after 48 months, suggesting that the infective juveniles recovered at this time had recycled in hosts. Clearfelled coniferous forests represent a semi-natural habitat. In the time when nematodes are applied (1-2 years following felling), stumps have already been colonised by diverse invertebrates and microbes. Neither H. downesi nor S.carpocapsae adversely impacted numbers, diversity or species composition of non-target beetle species emerging from stumps. A non-target insect of specific concern is definitely the native parasitoid of pine weevil larvae, Bracon hylobii. In the laboratory, nematodes can kill parasitoid larvae and adults and may compete with them for hosts, but in field trials applied nematodes and native populations of B. hylobii had additive suppressive effects on populations of H. abietis. Native wood-colonising and/or entomopathogenic fungi may have an effect on pine weevils in stumps, and the application of selected fungi, either native or exotic,.Ntrol. CDS at 4.three , ash of CDS at 0.2 , and ash of turkey manure at 1 enhanced plant mass by 42 , 34 and 28 , respectively, while CDS at 4.3 also lowered plant height by 22 .