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PF, physical functioning; RP, role physical; BP, bodily pain; GP, general health; VT, vitality; SF, social role functioning; ... In the explorative part of the study, all variables that remained in the models were explored (Fig. 2 and Appendices 2 and 3). Selleck 3-Methyladenine The exploration was based both on logarithmic PP and on untransformed PP after the model selection was performed (Fig. 2 and Appendices 2 and 3). Hallux rigidus and hallux valgus increased the PP under the hallux and the MTH1. The variables ��man��, pes planus, and pes cavus were associated with a decreasing PP at these ROI. Furthermore, BMI was associated with an increase in the PP at MTH4 and MTH5. Custom-made insoles reduced the PP under MTH5 and the heel. Neuropathy was not a factor, which had a high association with PP. Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first study that describes foot pathologies in patients with diabetes with high risk to develop DFU, but without foot ulcers, visiting a Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics. The most important finding is the high prevalence of foot deformities and callosities in the group that was studied. These findings are of importance, as foot deformities have been shown to increase plantar pressure and thus probably increase the risk of developing plantar foot ulcers (16, 19, 36). The high prevalence of plantar callosities, hypotrophic fat pads, and low forefoot arches also clearly shows that this group of patients is in need of protective footwear as an essential part of DFU preventive care. The group is representative Oxymatrine of patients with diabetes in Sweden according to age, sex, duration, and proportion of type 1 diabetes as compared with figures from the NDR (26). Compared with previous publications, the present study shows some differences. The prevalence of plantar callosities in the heel region is higher (53 vs. 38%) and the prevalence of hallux valgus is lower (PD0325901 datasheet of callosities for those with and without neuropathy was 19 versus 21, whereas the corresponding numbers for hallux valgus were 18 and 13. In the control group, the authors found five callosities and 11 hallux valgus (37). The reasons for these differences might be different study populations, and the fact that the evaluation of callosities and hallux valgus varies between clinicians. In the present study, patients with foot ulcers were excluded and no patient was therefore classified in risk group 4 according to the definition of the NDR (26). The proportion of patients being registered to risk group 4 in the 2013 annual report from the NDR was 1% (n=3,373).