Rumours, Untruths And Then ARAF

These plasmid-like phage were also represented in our CGS comparison (Figure ?(Figure3).3). Group one, eight, and 10 (G1, G8, and G10) contained CGS with multiple plasmid-like genes (Table ?(Table5).5). G1 contained an 80 kb CGS (CY1_63_1964) that encoded both ParA and ParB plasmid partition genes (Figure ?(Figure5A),5A), as well as a phage integrase, this phage is discussed in the CRISPR phage paragraph below. Group 10 CGS all encoded genes indicative of a lysogenic life strategy, however, 3 of the 4 CGS encoded ParA and/or ParB gene homologs and at least one gene homolog to toxin-antitoxin systems (Table ?(Table5;5; Figure ?Figure5B).5B). Such systems, also known as Phd-Doc or plasmid addiction modules ensure any daughter cells that are cured of the phage plasmid are killed (Hazan et al., 2001). Finally, G8 CGS all possessed small ( heuristic models and displayed as forward (outer) and reverse (inner) coding. Gray are hypothetical proteins only, green hit to Refseq virus and GenBank ... Phage encoded CRISPR/Cas system Circular genome scaffold CY1_63_1964 of G1 (Figure ?(Figure5A)5A) possessed three confirmed CRISPR arrays and six cas genes. The direct repeat was 29 bp in length and nearly identical in the three arrays, which contained 37, 9, and 13 spacers, respectively (Figure ?(Figure6).6). Cas organization indicated the CRISPR/Cas system belongs to the 1-E (Escherichia coli) subtype (Figure ?(find more Figure6;6; Supplementary Data 2). BLASTN searches against all assembled contigs revealed spacer 12 of CRISPR 3 was an exact 32 bp match for phage scaffold CY1_24_10782. The entire CRISPR/Cas system accounted for 11% of the phage genome. Figure 6 CRISPR/Cas system found on tailed, lysogenic phage CY1_64_1964. Cas/Cse are CRISPR associated genes from the type 1-E CRISPR/Cas subtype. Spacer 12 shows the location of the phage matching spacer. DR��Direct Repeat consensus for each CRISPR. Red ... Discussion In this study, we have used a novel approach to investigate viromes from natural habitats.