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1). The tree demonstrated that all the novel sequences fell within subtype A with 100% posterior support, except for 171070, which did not cluster with any of the known subtypes. The genetic distance between any two sequences within subtype A ranged between 0.0 and 0.365, with distances among UK isolates (median: 0.110) being virtually identical to those seen Mephenoxalone among non-UK subtype A isolates worldwide (median: 0.110). These values were lower than the divergence for other subtypes described in previous studies (Sodora et al., 1994?and?Duarte and Tavares, 2006), indicating that subtype A may be less genetically heterogeneous in comparison with other FIV subtypes. Although the phylogenetic structure of subtype A sequences was poorly resolved, a number of UK sequences clustered with strong support. This included several pairs (180140/180115; 182455/179288; 171536/171069; 171025/179466) www.selleck.co.jp/products/Verteporfin(Visudyne).html with highly similar V3�CV5 sequences, despite having being isolated from geographically distinct locations and regions (Fig. 1). In each case, these sample pairs had been collected and processed on different days; hence sample mix-up or cross-contamination was highly unlikely. A high degree of spatial admixture among UK sequences was also evident from the Mantel test, which failed to reveal a positive correlation between genetic and spatial distances (r?=??0.010, CI: ?0.090 to 0.044; p?=?0.539). Notably, British isolates almost never grouped with isolates Bleomycin cost of other geographic origin; the sole exception being a moderately supported clade that included three UK sequences (171265/171175/172325) and two sequences from continental Europe, DEBAD59 (Germany) and ATVID02 (Austria). Isolate 171070 was the only British isolate that did not cluster within subtype A and comparisons with sequences representative of subtypes B�CE also failed to yield a definitive match. 171070 was isolated from an adopted feral cat and circumstantial evidence leaned towards an introduction to the UK from overseas, possibly from Eastern Europe. Because the virus could not be assigned to any given subtype, we postulated that 171070 may represent a recombinant virus. While further analysis of the sequence using RDP (recombination detection program (Martin et al., 2010) and GeneConv (Sawyer, 1989) found no evidence for a recombination event, bootscan analysis suggested that 171070 may represent a recombinant of subtypes A and C, with a putative breakpoint approximately 260 nucleotides from the start of the env sequence ( Fig. 2). Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on the criteria of maximum likelihood for the sequences before and after the putative breakpoint. Although the subtype A-like sequence before the putative breakpoint that clustered with subtype A as expected, it failed to fall within the known subtype A.