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Decreased urinary lactate, alanine, trimethylamine, malonate, taurine, and glycine levels, and increased urinary TMAO and phenylalanine levels, were observed in samples from the higher training intensity and amount stage (Table 2). These urinary metabolites with statistically significant levels could be used as potential biomarkers contributing to metabolic changes in athletes in different physical states. In addition to those mentioned above, other metabolites, such as succinate, dimethylamine, creatinine, and an unknown signal in the region of 3.5�C3.7?ppm, were close to the margin of statistical significance. The levels of these metabolites were decreased Kinase Inhibitor high throughput screening in urine samples from stages one to two. The observed trends from the significance test were in agreement with those from the PLS loading plot. Figure 2 Typical 500?MHz 1D-NOESY NMR spectra of the urine sample from an athlete. (1) Lactate (d, 1.32?ppm); (2) alanine (d, 1.47?ppm); (3) acetate (s, 1.91?ppm); (4) succinate (s, 2.39?ppm); (5) citrate (dd, 2.51, 2.54, ... Figure 3 PCA score plot of NMR data from three stages (stage I: red dots; stage II: blue dots; stage III: green dots). Figure 4 (a) Score plot of PLS model based on NMR data from first two stages (red dots represent samples from stage I; blue dots represent samples from stage II). (b) PLS loading plot. Positive value corresponds to metabolites at higher concentration Isotretinoin in the urine ... Figure 5 Permutation test of PLS model based on NMR data of first two stages. Table 2 List of peaks intensity with P BI2536 map (a) of the identified metabolites in stage I and stage II. Heat map (b) for identified metabolites in samples from first two stages (group A: first training stage; group B: second training stage). The upper dendrogram showed hierarchical ... 4. Discussion As a routine examination, blood test was accomplished each week through the entire training program. During this period, hormone concentrations in serum, such as testosterone and cortisol, did not show significant variance because of one-day rest before sampling.