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As opposed to free magnitude estimation it improves the inter-subjectivity. Being verbally anchored it also gives a meaningful measure of effect size that can be used compare between studies. This study was not designed to examine gender differences in the observers and was therefore underpowered in terms of number of included subjects to study this important factor. However, given that facial gender is an important factor that affects perception of faces (e.g., Fischer et al., 2004), future studies with higher power should be implemented to investigate how gender of both sender and observer influence the experience of intensity of emotional faces that vary in size. Knowing more about how we perceive facial expressions is important not just because a human face is one of our first visual experiences in life, but also because throughout our lifetime we are continually exposed to faces signaling emotional information. In an increasingly complex social environment, it is important to study perceptual abilities beyond identification and categorization. Understanding how the face is perceived and how it changes depending on the distance is useful, for example in all situations where facial expressions are used to LY2157299 manufacturer induce an emotion or send a message (e.g., in marketing, film, and video games). As distance matters to how the facial expression is perceived a combination of intensity and size adjustment could increase the effect for the observer. To further investigate how constancy interplays with PI of emotional expressions, other manipulations associated with perceptual constancy should be employed. For example, how we perceive an angry face in various light conditions or from different angles and how these factors interact. Or how we perceive full-body, emotional expressions under various conditions such as distance, angle or light. The impact of individual differences related to personality and social anxiety could also be investigated using a psychophysical approach. Conclusion The present study demonstrates that the PI of emotional facial expression does not entirely follow the concept of perceptual constancy. Instead, the PI of the emotional facial expression appears to be dependent on the perceived distance of the face and the intensity of the expression. Furthermore, the results illuminate a need for greater diversity in emotion perception research, in order to be able to reach an understanding beyond categorization ability. Conflict of Interest Statement The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.""It is well established that infants are sensitive to numerical information in their environment, beginning just hours after birth (Xu and Spelke, 2000; Brannon et al., 2004; Lipton and Spelke, 2004; Xu et al., 2005; Izard et al., 2009; Libertus and Brannon, 2010).