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In addition, severe asthmatics were required to fulfil at least one of the minor criteria for uncontrolled asthma during the past 12?months, and controlled mild-to-moderate asthmatics were required to fulfil all the minor criteria of controlled asthma (Table?1). Children with other lung or neurological diseases, as well as those born prematurely (i.e. gestational age Selleck Tofacitinib of two cohorts with either uncontrolled (problematic) severe asthma (n?=?56) or age-matched children with controlled mild-to-moderate asthma (n?=?39). The study was approved by the Karolinska Institutet Regional Ethics Committee. A standardized health questionnaire was used to ascertain the children's demographic and clinical characteristics, environmental exposure, symptoms and diagnosis of asthma, and allergic diseases along with medication and adherence [2]. Acceptable medical adherence (required for study inclusion) was assessed and defined as a history of regularly scheduled doctor's visits and reported medical compliance (not missing more than three doses of ICS per week) in combination with the demonstration of an acceptable inhalation technique. S1PR1 All serum samples were analysed using an experimental research ISAC prototype (Phadia AB, Uppsala, Sweden) containing 111 allergen components (all components of the ImmunoCAP ISAC 112 chip version except Ara h 6). The chip contained allergens derived from 51 sources and required 30?��l of serum per test. Details of the tested components are listed in Fig.?1. Positive sensitization was defined by a level of ��0.30 ISAC independent units (ISU). Health-related quality of life was assessed using the Swedish version of the Juniper Paediatric Asthma Quality Cabozantinib purchase of Life Questionnaire? (PAQLQ(S) [16]. This questionnaire has been validated for 7- to 17-year-old children but was used in two 18-year-old subjects as well. The scores range from 1 to 7 on a scale, where one represents greatest impairment and seven the least. Samples of venous blood were collected, and the number of blood eosinophils (109?��?l?1) and total sIgE (kU/l) were measured. Dynamic spirometry (Vitalograph? 2120, Ennis, Ireland) was performed to assess forced expiratory volume in one-second (FEV1) using European Respiratory Society (ERS) and American Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines and ERS/Polgar reference values [17, 18].