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5 In adults, there are some studies showing that exposure to traffic pollution is related to reductions in lung function.6�C10 However, none of the previous studies concern adults from a random population sample living Telomerase within a single urban region. In the earlier studies of long-term effects, crude exposure assessment with low spatial resolution contributed to exposure misclassification. Long-term individual exposure is influenced by a number of factors, including regional and nearby pollution sources,11 and is modified by individual factors, for example, occupational and lifestyle exposures.4 Geographic metrics are straightforward methods for classifying exposure as they increase the spatial resolution and reduce exposure misclassification compared to emission models or ground level measurements. The levels of pollutants from vehicle exhaust decay to near-background level as the distance to a road increases beyond some hundreds of metres from the site of generation.12 When studying a mixture of substances such as vehicle emissions, a general exposure indicator such as the distance to a large road may be more useful than models of specific pollutants, as this approach has been used in a number of studies.13�C16 The aim of this study was to investigate the association between residential proximity to dense and very dense traffic and lung function in adults within a single coherent urban region, using cross-sectional data from a large population-based cohort. Materials and methods The study population was based on the adult-onset asthma and exhaled nitric oxide (ADONIX) cohort, which consists of a random sample of adults (25�C75?years old) in Gothenburg. In total, 14?554 participants were invited to a clinical examination with spirometry, anthropometric measurements and a clinical examination. Information about age, respiratory health, residence, asthma status, smoking history and level of education was collected as described by Olin et al.17 Spirometry was performed with a dry wedge spirometer (Vitalograph; Buckingham, UK) except in 164 participants who were measured using EasyOne, and percentages of predicted values of lung function variables (FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio) were calculated.18 Variable definitions Age was reported in whole years, and body mass index (BMI) as kg/m2. Smoking was coded into three categories: never, former and current smokers, where former smokers were those who had stopped smoking at least a year ago. Obstructive lung disease was defined as reporting asthma in the previous 12?months, or fulfilling criteria for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as assessed from spirometry without a reversibility test according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease criteria19 in a regular spirometry test without reversibility testing.