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The scale consists of nine subscales which can be regarded as either adaptive or maladaptive (Stoeber et al., 2004). The subscale used in the present study has eight items on a six-point Likert scale covering experiences of perfectionistic expectations from outside (from the coach) and is regarded as rather maladaptive (see Ashby and Rice, 2002; Enns and Cox, 2002). The scale was validated and tested regarding its reliability in two studies indicating good internal consistency (study 1: Cronbach��s �� = 0.94; study 2: Cronbach��s �� = 0.86). Reliability was good in the present study with Cronbach��s �� = 0.88. Attribution after Failure Attribution after failure was assessed using the relevant dimensions, such as internality, check details stability, and globality after the last failure according to the Sport Attributional Style Scale (SASS; Hanrahan and Grove, 1990). Athletes had to rate their personal cause for failure and success selleck products on the following dimensions: internality, stability, globality, personal controllability, external controllability, and intentionality on separate seven-point bipolar scales. The SASS was shown to have adequate psychometric properties (Hanrahan and Grove, 1990). For analysis in the present study, the sum score for the three dimensions, such as internality, stability, and globality for the last failure was used. Procedure After review and approval of the BISp, written informed consent by athletes and parents of each participating athlete was provided. Data were assessed anonymously and pre-season in all sport disciplines with an online questionnaire battery. In case of interest or for further information on personal data, participants could use an individual code to access their individual data. Results For replicating previous findings, athletes competing in team sports were compared with athletes in individual sports regarding depressive symptoms. A one-sided t-test revealed significant differences between the groups [t(197) = 2.05; p Fluvoxamine (M = 11.55; SD = 7.67) than in team sports (M = 9.47; SD = 6.80). Second, the hypothesized mediating variables negative attribution after failure, perfectionistic expectations from outside and cohesion were tested and results are shown in Table ?Table11. Higher scores in individual sports are shown for the factor negative attribution after failure [t(197) = 3.87; p