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Each surgeon used fluid dynamics and ultrasound settings that were preset to their own preferences. These settings and the surgical technique varied among the surgeons but were kept consistent with each individual surgeon when transitioning from the Infiniti system to the Centurion system. Scatterplots together with non-parametric lowess curves were used to display the CDE data. The intraoperative metric chosen as the primary outcome measure was CDE. CDE is displayed automatically on the interface of both the Infiniti and Centurion systems and is measured in percent-seconds. CDE is the total energy dissipated at the wound site in foot position 3, including a combination of torsional and longitudinal ultrasound energies. In the conventional mode (longitudinal ultrasound), CDE is traditionally Onalespib calculated as average ultrasound power �� total ultrasound time (data on file, Alcon Laboratories, 2015). Total ultrasound time is the total time passed while the foot pedal is kept in the third position. Because torsional phacoemulsification was used in this study, CDE was calculated as torsional amplitude �� torsional time �� a coefficient of 0.4. The coefficient of 0.4 is used because torsional phacoemulsification differs from conventional phacoemulsification in two aspects: the frequency of the phacoemulsification tip in the torsional mode (32 kHz) is 80% of that in the conventional phacoemulsification (40 kHz) and the stroke length of the phacoemulsification tip in the torsional mode (40 ?m) is 50% of that in the standard mode (80 ?m) (data on file, Alcon Laboratories, 2015). Descriptive statistics were summarized, and the means of CDE for the two systems were compared for each surgeon using two-sample t-tests. The complication rates under the two systems were compared using two-proportion tests. Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate the overall difference of CDE between the two systems, while adjusting important covariates (eg, age and sex of the patient). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 22.0) was used for data analysis, and two-sided P-values