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Offline evaluation showed that the respiration and heartbeat algorithms had accuracies of 100% and 88%, respectively. Synchronized trials exhibited significantly lower friction, higher efficiency, and greater total distance traveled than control trials. Synchronization Fleroxacin of the locomotion of HeartLander with respiration and heartbeat is feasible and results in safer and more efficient travel on the beating heart. Copyright ? 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ""Cam type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is an anatomical disorder that can lead to osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip joint. With existing surgical options there is invariably a tendency for under-resection or over-resection of the cam lesion, both having dire consequences. This study assessed the application of robotic technology in the surgical management of cam FAI. Three different dry-bone femur models (14 in each) with severe cam deformity underwent corrective surgery using a haptic robot with active constraints. The ��post surgery��, models were CT scanned and 3-D alpha angles and head/neck ratios (HNRs) were compared with pre-operative plans. In all models, the robotic resection resulted in a measured reduction of the maximum alpha angle to an angle indicative of no clinical impingement (first model 91�� vs 49��?��?3��, second 91�� vs 55��?��?5��, and third 87�� vs 47��?��?2�� P?selleck kinase inhibitor FAI corrective surgery. A more accurate bony resection may minimize complications due to over- and under-resection. Copyright ? 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ""Robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP) requires a steep Trendelenburg position and CO2 pneumoperitoneum for several hours to secure the surgical visual field. The present study was performed to investigate the influence of each angle of Trendelenburg position during RALP on cardiovascular and respiratory homeostasis. Forty-seven ASA physical status Y-27632 solubility dmso 1 and 2 patients underwent open retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP) or RALP. Patients receiving RALP were randomized to undergo the operation in the 20��, 25�� or 30�� Trendelenburg position. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), respiratory rate (RR), end-tidal CO2 pressure (PetCO2), tidal volume (Vt), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) and dynamic compliance (Cdyn) were recorded during the operation. Angle of head-down tilt was significantly correlated with MAP, PIP and Cdyn, but not with HR, RR or PetCO2. MAP decreased gradually over time in each group in the Trendelenburg position with pneumoperitoneum. As the angle of head-down tilt became stronger, MAP, RR, PetCO2 and PIP tended to increase and Cdyn tended to decrease. This study demonstrated that the degree of the head-down angle at RALP affected the cardiovascular and respiratory parameters.