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Since comparisons were made at thousands of voxels, uncorrected probability maps were then thresholded using a False Discovery Rate (FDR) of 5% (q-value?=?0.05) according to the implementation by Storey 2002?and?Storey, Taylor, and Siegmund 2004. Regional effects surviving FDR thresholding were color coded in yellow and superimposed onto the uncorrected probability maps. Color-coded r- and beta maps were used to indicate the direction and magnitude of effects for AA/day and diagnosis, respectively. Log transformed Jacobian maps of the unscaled data were used in ICA to determine whether the pattern of volumetric variations throughout the brain predicted the degree of prenatal alcohol exposure and/or diagnostic status. The dimensionality of the data was reduced using a principal components analysis, planned a priori to retain http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/Decitabine.html 10 dimensions, which were deemed to be sufficient to cover the Thymidine kinase candidate sources (e.g., sex, age, alcohol exposure, smoking), while also allowing for the possibility of some unquantified sources (e.g., genetic variation, infectious disease exposure). An ICA component that showed significant correlations with both degree of prenatal alcohol exposure and diagnosis was mapped to show FDR-thresholded results superimposed on the uncorrected probability maps in yellow and red, respectively. Sample demographics are summarized in Table 1. All children were scanned within a narrow 1.5-year age range (9.5�C11.0?years). There were no significant differences in sex distribution across the four diagnostic groups (��2(3)?=?2.69, p?>?0.20). However, sex was included as a covariate in the analyses of the effects of degree of prenatal alcohol exposure and diagnosis because males have larger brain volumes than females and the groups were not matched on a per subject basis for this variable. Alcohol consumption among the drinking mothers was very heavy. Mothers of children with FAS averaged 8.4?drinks/occasion during pregnancy; PFAS, 7.6; heavily exposed nonsyndromal, 5.6. Reflecting the high degree of socioeconomic disadvantage in this community, IQ scores were very Selleck Metformin low even among the controls. IQ in the alcohol-exposed children was even lower than that in the controls, F(1,53)?=?7.32, p?=?0.009, and inversely correlated with prenatal alcohol exposure, r?=??0.50, p?