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05). In addition, the carriers of genotype CC at NOS1AP rs12742393 GABA pathway had higher differential values of HOMA-IR compared with genotypes AC and AA carriers (pALG1 health care-associated CDI and were discharged between April 1, 2002, and March 31, 2007 (cases); each case patient was matched by hospital, age, quarter and year of hospital discharge, and diagnosis related group to at least one control patient who did not develop health care-associated CDI (19,214 controls). Measurements and Main Results. Patients with health care-associated CDI were identified by using a previously validated method combining the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code for CDI with specific CDI drug therapy (oral or intravenous metronidazole, www.selleckchem.com/products/cobimetinib-gdc-0973-rg7420.html or oral vancomycin). Costs were determined from charges by using standardized cost:charges ratios and were adjusted for age, All Patient Refined-Diagnosis Related Group (APR-DRG) severity of illness level, race, and sex with use of multivariable linear regression. The adjusted mean cost for cases was significantly higher than that for controls ($55,769 vs $28,609), and adjusted mean length of stay was twice as long (21.1 vs 10.0 days). The interaction between CDI and APR-DRG severity of illness level was significant; the effect of CDI on costs and length of stay decreased as severity of illness increased. Conclusion. This large CDI economic evaluation confirms that health care-associated cases of CDI are associated with significantly higher mean cost and longer length of stay than those of matched controls, with the greatest effect on costs at the lowest level of severity of illness. ""Colistin, the most widely used polymyxin antibiotic, was originally introduced in the late 1950s before the establishment of the present-day drug approval process. Originally shelved due to toxicity concerns, colistin, in the form of its inactive prodrug colistin methanesulfonate, has undergone a renaissance in the past 15?years. Unfortunately, this is not because of an improved adverse-effect profile but because colistin is among the only remaining antibiotics with activity against multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli.