Creative concepts, Formulations But also Strategies Needed for Androgen Receptor Antagonist

Materials and Methods Coring and Field Sampling Four different sedimentary rocks representing two rock types (shale and coal) and two organic matter maturities were used in this study. The shale samples belong to the Lower Jurassic black shales of the Eastern Paris Basin (France). The immature shale was sampled at ca. 7 m depth by rotation drilling (diameter of 89 mm) at Entrange (Moselle, 49��25��04.7���N, 06��06��14.17���E). The mature shale was collected at 1805 m depth during an exploratory drilling at Villeseneux (Marne, 48��50��31���N, 4��08��49���E). Low maturity coal (e.g., lignite) was sampled from an outcrop in the Languedoc region (South of France). The mature coal sample was collected at 1157 m depth during an exploratory drilling in the Lorraine region (East of France). The samples used in the experiments were taken from the center of the core and were further ground to powder using heat or ethanol sterilized material before geochemical analyses, chemical treatments, and incubation in microcosms. Solvent Extraction of Maltenes and Asphaltenes from the Bulk Rocks The organic matter of the sampled rocks was gradually depleted in solvent-soluble fractions by solvent extractions performed at IFP Energies nouvelles (Rueil-Malmaison, France). All solvents were of CHROMASOLV? quality (HPLC-grade) from Sigma�CAldrich (Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France). Maltenes were extracted from 100 g of grounded bulk rock (BR) sample with 200 ml of n-pentane (n-C5). The mix was heated (43��C) and stirred for 1 h in a glass balloon equipped with a reflux condenser, and then filtered on B��chner (0.45 ��m, diameter 8 cm). The maltenes-depleted rock sample was named Residue 1 (R1). Maltenes were concentrated by n-C5 evaporation in a glass balloon with a rotavap, during 15 min at 43 ��C and 750 mbar. Half of R1 was kept for further experimentations. The Selleck Androgen Receptor Antagonist second half was submitted to dichloromethane (DCM) extraction in the same conditions to remove the asphaltenes. The maltenes- and asphaltenes-depleted rock was named Residue 2 (R2). The maltenes and asphaltenes extracted from the rock were evaporated to dryness in a rotavap at 43��C and resuspended in n-C5 and DCM, respectively. Residues R1 and R2 were dried overnight at 30��C to remove all traces of solvent. To quantify the soluble fractions of the OM, maltenes, and asphaltenes extracts were weighted after overnight solvent evaporation. Geochemical Analysis of the Rock Substrates Geochemical characterization of the organic matter was performed by Rock-Eval 6? pyrolysis (Behar et al., 2001) at IFP Energies nouvelles using 100 mg of pulverized BR, or 10 mg of R1 and R2. Microcosm Setup Triplicate microcosms were constructed under anaerobic conditions as described previously (Mesl�� et al., 2013a).