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Results:? Microarray analysis identified that expression of the claudin-1 gene was decreased in the epithelium by chronic LPS challenge. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the expression of claudin-1 protein in junctional epithelium and that 8?wk of chronic LPS topical application significantly reduced claudin-1 expression. The effect of LPS on claudin-1 protein expression was validated using a porcine junctional epithelial cell culture Transwell model. The epithelial barrier, as measured using transmembrane Protease Inhibitor Library manufacturer resistance, was significantly reduced after 3?wk of LPS challenge and this was associated with a decreased level of expression of claudin-1 protein. Conclusion:? These results confirm that the initiation of experimental periodontal disease is associated with reduction in the expression of claudin-1 gene and protein. This decreased level of a critical tight junction protein may result in the disruption of barrier function and may play an important role in the initiation of periodontal disease. ""Members of the phylum Synergistetes have previously been identified within periodontitis subgingival plaque and are considered putative periodontopathogens. Unoprostone This study compared the diversity of subginigval Synergistetes in a cohort of subjects with periodontitis (n?=?10) vs. periodontitis-free controls (n?=?10). Pooled subgingival plaque samples from all deep periodontal pockets or all sulci were collected from the periodontitis and periodontitis-free subjects, respectively. Bacterial 16S rRNA genes were PCR-amplified from purified subgingival plaque DNA using a Synergistetes ��selective�� primer set. PCR products were cloned and sequenced to analyze the prevalence and diversity of Synergistetes operational taxonomic units (OTUs) present in plaque samples of both subject groups. A total of 1030 non-chimeric 16S rRNA clones were obtained, of which 162 corresponded to members of the phylum Synergistetes. A significantly larger number of Synergistetes clones were obtained from periodontitis subgingival plaque than from periodontitis-free controls (25.4% vs. 5.9%, p?see more and fell into 31 OTUs (99% sequence identity cut-off). Twenty-nine Synergistetes OTUs were detected in the periodontitis group while eight were detected in the periodontitis-free group (p?