El. In addition, no cloning was performed in our study, therefore

I littoralis was described by Austin [52] to become the only CP-10188 site species from the genus native and endemic for the Old Planet. Moreover, no cloning was performed in our study, therefore not all potential homologous sequences might be read, giving once again only a partial image of your phylogenetic relationships among polyploidy species. Moreover,PLOS One particular | www.plosone.orgPolyploidization History in Sweet PotatoFigure 6. Two feasible scenarios about the origins of Ipomoea batatas. a) Scenario A which represents in accordance with us, the most parsimonious situation explaining the clear-cut phylogeographical pattern inferred from both nuclear and chloroplast data: 1) Multiple independent events of autopolypoidy within a number of polymorphic and pre-differentiated wild populations (phylogeographical differentiation), and then 2) multilocal domestication inside every polyploid population, followed by 3) gene flow between the two cultivated genepools and amongst cultivated and wild forms. b) Situation B: 1) Hybridization involving differentiated conspecific wild populations (in contact for the reason that of potential climate-induced or human-induced variety shift) and polyploidization, followed by 2) the domestication of those polyploids forms and then 3) patterns of postdomestication human expansion may have been responsible for the clear-cut phylogeographical pattern located within cultivated I. batatas in tropical America. Ultimately, four) Gene flow amongst the two cultivated genepools and involving cultivated and wild forms could also have occurred. doi:ten.1371/journal.pone.0062707.gbetween diploid I. trifida and cultivated I. batatas. When 4 accessions (seven samples) of Ipomoea sp., all from Colombia, were clearly assigned to the diploid I. trifida cluster K2, all other individuals grouped with I. batatas Northern cluster K3. Like most Ipomoea sp. accessions, I. tabascana, the putative hybrid involving I. batatas and I. trifida, carried a nuclear genome attributed to the cluster K3 and also a Northern I. batatas chloropalst haplotype. These specimens may represent original wild I. batatas, i.e., types intermediate amongst the diploid progenitors and cultivated hexaploid I. batatas (as was strongly suggested by Austin [25]; and Bohac et al. [27]. Alternatively, they might be feral folks or perhaps hybridized types issued from crosses in between cultivated hexaploid I. batatas (as the maternal parent) and diploid I. trifida (Even though mostly clonally propagated by farmers, hexaploid I. batatas is still able to reproduce sexually - crosses among 6X sweet potatoes also as ?with I. batatas accessions with reduced ploidy levels are allowed - and to hybridize with diploid I. trifida [50]). Existing genetic data are not enough to clarify their status. Nonetheless our genetic outcomes collectively with prior taxonomic studies, which recognize polyploid (3X, 4X and handful of 6X) Ipomoea sp. in the I. batatas species, are further evidence that I. batatas may exist not merely as hexaploid cultigens, but also as a correct wild species, with many ploidy levels (from 3X to 6X at least), forming the truth is a complex with numerous origins. Not too long ago, an analysis of Waxy intron variations argued for an allopolyploid origin for the sweet potato, which possibly occurred by hybridizations among I. tenuissima and I. littoralisPLOS One particular | www.plosone.org[51]. I littoralis was described by Austin [52] to become the only species of the genus native and endemic towards the Old World. Some wild tropical American tetraploid plants might have been misidentified as I. littoralis (Kobayashi, [26]). I. littoralis accessions applied in the study by Gao et al.