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2?��?4.2?mL; GMV_difc?=???11.6?��?4.1; p?=?0.625). There were no significant Thymidine kinase differences in TBV, GMV, WMV or CSF between testosterone treated KS (T-KS) and untreated KS (U-KS) patients. VBM-analysis (Table?4, Fig.?1) showed that KS patients had significantly decreased GMV bilaterally in insula, putamen, caudate, hippocampus, amygdala, temporal pole and frontal inferior orbita compared to controls. Additionally, the right cerebellum and parahippocampal gyrus was reduced in KS patients. KS patients had significantly larger volumes in regions of the postcentral gyrus, inferior and superior parietal lobules and precuneus, bilaterally, compared to controls (Table?4, Fig.?1). We did not find any significant difference in regional GMV between untreated and treated KS patients (data not shown). The classification analysis correctly discriminated KS patients from controls with 96.9% accuracy (p?Metformin concentration positive and negative Z-scores respectively. The interpretation of the map is as follows: Increasing the signal locally in cold areas will make a particular brain scan more likely to be classified as a KS patients, these area include the same brain regions and lobes as found we found by VBM analysis. Conversely, increasing the signal locally in warm areas will make Decitabine cell line a brain scan more likely to be classified as a control, these areas include the same brain areas as found by primary VBM analysis. In the initial across group analyses, we found a significant positive correlation between intelligence and GMV (rho?=?0.18, p?=?0.04), between intelligence and WMV (rho?=?0.20, p?=?0.02) and between visual performance and WMV (rho?=?0.23, p?=?0.009) in the 130 subject group. Within controls, we found a positive significant correlation between visual performance and GMV (rho?=?0.26, p?=?0.04) and between visual performance and WMV (rho?=?0.30, p?=?0.02), and a significant negative correlation between processing speed and GMV (rho?=???0.30, p?=?0.02). No correlations were found within the group of KS patients. In the subsequent analyses which included Bonferroni adjustment, we found no significant correlation between psychological and cognitive domains and global GMV, WMV and CSF in the 130 subject group or within controls separately. Furthermore, we did not find any significant correlations between voxel-wise regional brain volumes and the 3 psychological and 10 cognitive domains (Table 5). The present study documents significantly reduced global and regional brain volumes in KS patients. Based on the brain scans we could predict a KS diagnosis with 96.