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16 and 0.09). There was substantial variation in the prevalence of CRS. Of the centres studied, the median prevalence was found in London and was 10.0% (95% CI 8.5�C11.7%). The highest prevalence was in Coimbra Obeticholic Acid (27.1%; 95% CI 25.0�C29.3%), with the lowest limit of the 95% confidence interval well exceeding all other centre estimates. The three centres in Poland, Amsterdam, Ghent, Duisburg and Montpellier had prevalence rates significantly higher than the median value (10.0%). All centres in Scandinavia, with the exception of Stockholm, and the centres in Brandenburg and Skopje had prevalence rates significantly below the median value. The most striking within-country variation was that observed in Germany where the prevalence was 6.9% in Brandenburg (95% CI 5.8�C8.2%) and 14.1% in Duisburg (95% CI 12.0�C16.6%). There was no evidence that the high prevalence of CRS in Coimbra was related to over-reporting of one particular symptom, nor that the lower prevalence in Scandinavian centres was related to underreporting of one particular symptom. In general, the geographical variation seen for CRS was seen for each component (Table?2). The prevalence of self-reported physician-diagnosed CRS within centres was highly correlated with the prevalence of EP3OS-diagnosed CRS (Pearson rho?=?0.76, P?FARP1 for gender and smoking status. In lifetime nonsmokers, women were at a slightly greater risk of CRS than men (OR 1.20 95% CI 1.11�C1.30), with some variation between centres (P for heterogeneity 0.05, I2 38.3). This heterogeneity was largely because of a strong and highly significant Selleck Doxorubicin association of CRS with being woman in Coimbra (OR 1.82 95% CI 1.39�C2.37). In lifetime nonsmokers, the prevalence of CRS was lower in participants above the age of 55?years compared with those below the age of 35 (OR 0.89 95% CI 0.81�C0.98) with variation in the direction and strength of this association between centres (P for heterogeneity 0.004, I2 52.2). No significant differences were observed between the age groups 35�C54 and those below the age of 35?years. When only lifetime nonsmokers were considered, the geographical variation in prevalence of CRS, reported earlier, was similar �C that is, (i) Coimbra had the highest prevalence with the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval exceeding all other centres estimated prevalence, (ii) Scandinavian centres and centres in Brandenburg and Skopje had a low prevalence and (iii) all Polish centres and centres in Amsterdam, Ghent, Duisburg and Montpellier had a high prevalence of disease. The prevalence of smoking varied from 9.