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Results For the overall NPI score (M = 12.03, SD = 6.20), its relationship with the tendency for impulsive buying (M = 3.64, SD = 1.2) was positive but not significant (r = 0.14, p = 0.157). For the two subcomponents of narcissism, while the maladaptive narcissism score (M = 5.64, SD = 2.95) was positively correlated with impulsive buying (r = 0.20, p = 0.034), the adaptive narcissism was not (M = 4.15, SD = 2.63; r = 0.03, p = 0.784). In summary, although we failed to find a significant relation between overall narcissism and impulsive buying, we did found that maladaptive narcissism was significantly predictive. Study 2 Method Participants One-hundred and fifty-two monozygotic (MZ) and one-hundred and fifty-two dizygotic (DZ; 94 same-sex, 58 opposite-sex) twin pairs sampled from the Beijing Twin Study (BeTwiSt) participated in the study. Twins in the BeTwiSt are socio-demographically representative of adolescents from Beijing, China (Chen et al., 2013). The ages of the twins in our sample ranged from 15 to 27 years (M = 18.29, SD = 1.96; 56% female). For 95% of the twin-pairs, we used DNA testing to determine zygosity, with classification accuracy approaching 100%; for the remaining 5%, we established zygosity by combining parent-reports and children��s self-reports on co-twin physical SP600125 similarity and frequency of confusion, which reached a 90.6% accuracy rating (Chen et al., 2013). Thirty-five twin pairs did not complete the measure for impulsive buying. The data for one sibling of a DZ twin pair was missing and thus excluded in all analyses. The Ethics Committee of the Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, provided approval for the study. Additionally, we obtained written informed consent from all participants and their parents prior to commencing the test. Measures The measures for narcissism and impulsive buying were the same as those in Study 1. The internal consistency for the entire NPI, adaptive narcissism, maladaptive narcissism, and impulsive buying, were all acceptable (�� = 0.81, 0.63, 0.66, 0.89, respectively). Genetic Analysis We can estimate the additive genetic (A), shared environmental (C), and non-shared environmental (E) contributions to variance within a trait and covariance between traits by comparing the resemblance of MZ and DZ twin pairs for observed trait(s). MZ twins are 100% genetically identical, whereas DZ twins are 50% identical on average for additive genetic effects. The proportion of the variance of a trait, or the covariance between traits, explained by additive genetic effect, is referred as ��heritability.�� A shared environment increases the similarity of twins raised in the same family. A non-shared environment is unique to each individual, which also includes measurement error. To estimate genetic and environmental effects, we employed univariate, bivariate, and multivariate models implemented in the OpenMx library (Boker et al.