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In addition, the patients�� use of tobacco or hormonal therapy, as well as family history of thrombosis, was obtained. Lastly, the patients�� visual status was assessed at the time of the ocular event and at each subsequent visit with the retinal specialist. At the initial visit, atherosclerotic risk factors were measured, serologic coagulation assays were done, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses for thrombophilia and hypofibrinolysis were performed. Atherosclerotic risk factors measured included age, body mass index, smoking history, blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, glucose, homocysteine, and levels of triglycerides and cholesterol, including HDL and LDL cholesterol.24 PCR measures52 were used Selleck Crizotinib to measure G1691A factor V Leiden, G20210A prothrombin, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T this website and A1298C mutations, and the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/4G mutation. In addition, serologic measures of thrombophilia53 were used, including measurement of anticardiolipin antibodies immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM (ACLA IgM), antigenic protein C, total and free protein S, antithrombin III, lupus anticoagulant, factors VIII and XI, and homocysteine. All PCR and serologic measures were done as previously described.24 Healthy normal controls (n=110) were hospital employees, documented by interview and physical examination to be free of acute and chronic disease, including any history or evidence of OVO. Statistical methods All statistical analyses were performed using SAS V9.4 (SAS institute Inc, Cary, NC, USA). Cases were compared to controls by Fisher��s exact test. Sample size was estimated based on observed data of this report. To detect Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase the difference of 50% having at least one of the seven thrombophilias in cases versus 20% in controls, there should be at least 39 subjects in each group for significance level 0.05 with power 80%. Results Central and branch retinal vein occlusion Of the 191 RVO cases, 172 (90%) had CRVO and 19 (10%) BRVO; there were 116 (61%) women and 75 (39%) men (mean age �� standard deviation [SD]: 57��15 years; median age: 57 years). As displayed in Figure 1, the 191 RVO cases differed from controls in terms of low free protein S (9% vs 2%, respectively; P=0.04), high homocysteine (23% vs 5%, respectively; P