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The mean learning rate (��) across subjects was 0.284 (interquartile range: 0.191). The mean temperature parameter (��) was 0.161 (interquartile range: 0.092). Averaged across subjects, the model predicted observed choices with 77.0% accuracy (p?ERK inhibitor cortices ROI, the group-level mean correlation between matched Cue and RPE images (S) was significantly less than zero (��?=???0.02, p?=?0.014, Wilcoxon signed rank test) ( Fig.?3). This was also true for the right side considered individually (��?=???0.024, p?=?0.007), but the left side showed only a trend towards significance (��?=???0.015, p?=?0.101). We thus observed strong evidence of an fMRI adaptation effect, manifested in negative spatial correlations between stimulus and outcome activity ( Fig.?1). This suggests, consistent with our hypothesis, that the reward outcome signalling we observed in visual areas involved in stimulus processing is non-specific, rather than being restricted to those neurons responding to the particular stimulus involved. We next sought http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Temsirolimus.html to establish whether the observed adaptation effects occurred in neuronal populations which showed specific patterns of responding to visual cues, and, if so, whether these adaptation effects themselves were cue-specific. Spatial correlations between regressors encoding the same cue were significantly larger than those encoding different cues in the joint ROI (��?=?0.338, p?OPHN1 in this region of the visual cortex contain information about the specific visual stimulus presented. Cue specific adaptation effects were assessed by comparing the difference between the size of the spatial correlation effects observed between Cue and RPE regressors corresponding to the same cue, and those corresponding to different (non-matched) cues. This difference was significantly negative across both ROIs (��?=???0.021, p?=?0.014), indicating that the adaptation effects we observed were indeed cue specific (driven by cue-specific visual responses).