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For one participant, resting pain intensity was zero at baseline and remained at zero during TENS (Table?2). Resting pain intensity decreased for the remaining 9 participants at 30?minutes of TENS and continued to decrease for 8 of these participants at 60?minutes of TENS (Figure?1A). Mean baseline NRS for pain intensity on movement was 3 or above for all participants Gefitinib ic50 (Table?2). Pain intensity on movement decreased from baseline for 9 participants at 30?minutes of TENS and for all participants at 60?minutes (Figure?1B). The mean (SD) change relative to baseline at 60?minutes of ?1.8 (1.6) at rest and ?3.9 (1.9) on movement was statistically significant (P?Dasatinib in vivo TENS. Unsolicited comments made by participants reflected the benefit of TENS: TENS took my pain away in my phantom limb and my stump�� It didn��t just dull the pain, as I had expected it would, it actually took the pain away!�� (Participant 1). The five participants for whom TENS paresthesia was projected into their phantom limb reported that the sensation of TENS felt as it was arising from their prosthetic limb. One participant commented ��it feels like the tingling is coming from my prosthetic leg��. This study demonstrates that TENS is acceptable and well tolerated when placed on the amputation stump in lower limb (transtibial) amputee patients. TENS reduced pain at rest and on movement when TENS sensation was projected into the main site of pain which was either the phantom limb or stump. In some but not all participants, it was possible to identify optimal electrode positions by mechanically palpating the stump region to elicit a referred phantom sensation. In addition, some participants reported that they experienced Oxygenase TENS sensation arising from their prosthetic limb itself. Attributing TENS sensations to a prosthetic limb may help improve proprioceptive awareness of the prosthesis and facilitate perceptual embodiment.18 The primary purpose of this study was to provide pilot data on treatment outcomes and tolerability, as well as recruitment strategies, to inform the design of future investigations. The findings of this study are limited by the small number of participants involved, which was in part due to recruitment difficulties.