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7% being ��large�� (more than mid-thorax posteriorly) effusions. USG alone were performed in 13 (18.1%), with another 7 (9.7%) done prior to pleuroscopy to determine the entry site. Diagnostic pleural aspiration (PA) alone was performed in 28 (38.9%), closed pleural biopsies (PB) in 7 (9.7%), transcutaneous lung fine needle [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/i-bet151-gsk1210151a.html Selleckchem I-BET151] aspiration cytology (FNAC) in 2 (2.8%), and pleural drainage (PD) in 15 (20.8%). Diagnostic yields of PA, PB and FNAC were 75% (all malignancies), 100% (all tuberculosis) and 100% (all malignancies) respectively. PD was successful in all cases, with small-bore catheter insertion in 93.3% (80% under Seldinger technique). In the 59 USG-guided interventions, only 2 cases of vagovagal syncope were noted (3.4%) as complications. Procedures performed within ��safety triangle�� for PA, PB and PD were 21%, 43% and 36% respectively. Conclusions?USG was shown to be a useful aid for pulmonologists. In addition to a superior diagnostic and therapeutic performance, the safety profiles [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk2656157.html GSK2656157 in vitro] were excellent even with interventions in small effusions and outside ��safety triangle��. VIBOON BOONSARNGSUK, SARANGRAT LAUNGDAMERONGCHAI Department of Medicine, Ramathibodi hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand Background and Aim of Study?The diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs) is a challenging task for pulmonologists. Radial endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) has been developed to enhance the diagnostic yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of radial EBUS in the diagnosis of PPLs. Methods?A retrospective study was conducted on 174 patients who were diagnosed with PPLs and underwent EBUS-guided bronchoscopy between July 2009 and May 2013. Histological examination of specimens obtained by transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) and cytological examinations of brushing smear, rinsed fluid of brushing, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were evaluated for the diagnosis. Results?The mean diameter of the PPLs was 25.1?��?10.7?mm. The final diagnosis included 129 malignancies and 45 benign lesions. The overall diagnostic yield of EBUS-guided bronchoscopy was 79.9%. Both size and etiology of the PPLs had no influence on the diagnostic yield of EBUS-guided bronchoscopy (82.9% vs 74.6% for PPLs?>?20?mm and PPLs?[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17-Dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl] and 82.9% vs 71.1% for malignancy and benign diseases; p?=?0.09). The performance of TBLB rendered the highest diagnostic yield among these specimens (69.0%, 50.6%, 42.0%, and 44.3% for TBLB, brushing smear, rinsed brushing fluid, and BALF, respectively; p?