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Some surveys investigated the prevalence of occupational rhinitis among different working populations. These studies are usually too small to directly study the occurrence of occupational rhinitis in the general population, but they give an idea about its high prevalence in some specific work sectors which is summarized in Table?1. Only very few studies have focused on the occurrence of sinus symptoms in relation to work. Zuskin Fleroxacin et?al. performed several surveys in specific work sectors such as paper recyclists, textile and pharmaceutical workers and found a clear relationship between sinusitis symptoms and work-related exposures [14, 15]. However, the questionnaire did not fully cover the current definition of rhinosinusitis [2]. Follow-up studies of workers present at the WTC disaster site revealed that sinusitis symptoms were reported in 50% of iron workers [16] and 48% of firefighters [17]. Our recent retrospective study of 467 patients with rhinosinusitis who had undergone functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) [6] revealed not only that relevant occupational exposures were twice more frequent among these patients with rhinosinusitis than their controls (25% vs 12%, respectively), but also that the proportions of subjects with relevant occupational Y-27632 chemical structure exposures rose significantly (P?5?kDa) or low molecular weight (LMW) agents (CHIR-99021 datasheet substances derived from plants or animals, such as flour, latex, mites, laboratory animals, and other sources. These agents can cause airway inflammation via the well-known IgE-mediated immune response leading to a T-helper (Th) 2-driven inflammation, as is the case for nonoccupational aeroallergens, such as pollens and house dust mite (Fig.?1). The mechanisms by which LMW substances can induce airway inflammation are far less known. LMW agents can be subdivided into two groups, according to their sensitizing capacity. With the LMW agents that are capable of airway immune sensitization, a latency period of weeks to years is observed between initial exposure and symptoms. They are synthetic chemicals, with the most common ones being di-isocyanates (polyurethane foams or coatings), persulphate salts (hair bleachings), acid anhydrides (epoxy resins), some aldehydes (glutaraldehyde), and several drugs.