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, 2014), can offer significant enhancements in signal quality compared to a conventional single-pulse (with pulse durations of Rapamycin order LIBS measurements in high pressure underwater environments, our present setup using the long-pulse technique has detection limits in the order of tens of ��mol/kg for certain species in dissolved ionic solutions and in the range of 0.1�C1.0?wt% for certain elements in seawater immersed solids. These limits are sufficient for detection of several major elements in seawater and hydrothermal fluids (Kennish, 2000?and?Kawagucci et al., 2011) IRS1 and mineral deposits (Ueno et al., 2003) found in volcanically active areas of the seafloor. Based on these studies, we have developed our 2nd generation LIBS device, called the ChemiCam (Chemical Camera), that incorporates a long-pulse laser and addresses several of the issues identified through operation of I-SEA. It should be noted that while the name of the device is similar to the Los Alamos National Laboratory��s ChemCam (Maurice et al., 2012), deployed on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover Curiosity, the devices are unrelated and their developments have been independent of each other. The jump from laboratory demonstration JQ1 clinical trial to field deployment of ChemiCam has not been trivial. While the prototype I-SEA was built using commercially available lasers and spectrometers, the components of ChemiCam are almost entirely custom made. In particular, the specifications of the long-pulse laser used in the laboratory experiments (Sakka et al., 2006, Sakka et al., 2009, Sakka et al., 2014, Thornton et al., 2013?and?Thornton et al., 2014a) are not met by any commercially available laser and a significant investment of effort was required to develop a robust, compact long-pulse laser that can be incorporated into a field deployable LIBS instrument. While the application of a long-pulse laser is seen as the key technology for the realization of deep-sea LIBS, a number of other technical issues have also been overcome and are described in the next section. ChemiCam is a 3000?m depth rated LIBS device that has been developed by the University of Tokyo, Japan. The device has the unique ability to perform in situ multi-element chemical analysis of both liquids and mineral deposits in the ocean at depths of up to 3000?m. The device, shown in Fig. 1, is 1.3?m long with a diameter of 0.3?m and weighs 160?kg in air. The main housing contains a custom made long-pulse laser capable of delivering a maximum pulse energy of 40?mJ at a repetition rate of 1?Hz. The duration of the pulse can be controlled between 150 and 250?ns.