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Comparison of the median duration of hospitalization was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test as it deviates from the Normality assumption. OS was calculated from the date of diagnosis to the date of death or last follow-up. Cancer-free survival (CFS) was calculated from the date of diagnosis to the date of disease progression (local or distant relapse) or last follow-up. The 5-year OS and CFS were estimated using Vandetanib cell line Kaplan Meier method and the survival curves were compared using log-rank tests. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models, using variables found to be significant on univariate analysis, were used to estimate hazard ratios with their 95%CI. A significance level of 0.05 was chosen throughout. All analyses were performed using R 3.1.1 (2014, Vienna, Austria). RESULTS Six hundred and thirty-three patients underwent surgical resection for primary rectal cancers during the study duration. The demographic characteristics of the study population are illustrated in Table ?Table1.1. Two hundred and twenty-five patients (35.5%) underwent attempted laparoscopic resection of the rectal tumor. Among these, 200 patients had successful laparoscopic resection with 77 patients (34.2%) requiring a laparoscopic-assisted approach, predominantly due to anatomic difficulties during the LS (50 out of 77 patients). Patients Itraconazole in the OP group were older [66 years old (OP) vs 59 years (LS), P find more of study cohort Table 2 Reasons for laparoscopic conversion to open surgery Table 3 Oncologic characteristics and perioperative outcomes of study cohort Comparison of short-term and long-term outcomes between the 3 groups is illustrated in Table ?Table44 and there were no significant differences between the 3 groups. The 5-year CFS and OS for the 3 group of patients is illustrated in Figure ?Figure1.1. Results of the univariate and multivariate analyses for predictive factors of survival are summarized in Table ?Table5.5.