SKAP1 Deception You've Been Warned Around

, 2003). Previous research has indicated that 91% of pre-adolescent African�CAmericans reported one or more experiences of race-related discrimination in their lifetime (Gibbons et al., 2004). Similarly, another study found that 77% of African�Saracatinib clinical trial CAmerican youth reported experiencing one or more discriminatory events in the prior 3 months (Prelow et al., 2004). Specific to African�CAmerican female adolescents, Guthrie et al. (2002) found that 52% reported at least one exposure to RD in the past year (Guthrie et al., 2002). The Integrative Model for the Study of Developmental Competencies in Minority Children (Integrative Model) by Garcia Coll et al. (1996) proposes that individuals in American society are stratified based upon social position factors (e.g., race, social class, and gender), and social positions are influenced by RD. Because RD is embedded within American society it is a normative and chronic exposure for African�CAmerican children and adolescents (Garcia Coll et al., 1996). Thus, RD is a pervasive challenge in the lives of adolescent African�CAmerican females, and has been posited by Thoits (1991) and more recently, by Jones (2000) to be a stressor that, if internalized (i.e., internalized racism), threatens the central parts of an individual��s identity, thereby adversely affecting one��s mental health. A growing body of research suggests that RD is especially harmful to the mental health of African�CAmerican youth. Several cross-sectional studies have demonstrated that experiences with RD are associated with lower self-esteem, increased anger, and increased anxiety and depressive symptoms among African�CAmerican adolescents (Prelow et al., 2004; Seaton et al., 2008; Gaylord-Harden and Cunningham, 2009). Many of these associations have been found in longitudinal studies as well. Specifically, racial discriminatory experiences are related to decreased self-esteem and increased conduct problems and depressive symptoms among African�CAmerican youth (Brody et al., 2006, 2011; Greene et al., 2006; Gibbons et al., 2007; Neblett et al., 2008; Estrada-Marinez et al., 2012). Depression is one of the most common psychiatric issues affecting adolescents. At any given time, ?15% of children and adolescents exhibit some symptoms of depression, while 5% of 9- to 17-year-olds meet the criteria for a major depressive disorder (Birmaher et al., 1996; Shaffer et al., 1996). Specific to adolescents, the incidence of depressive disorders markedly increases after puberty. Moreover, by 14 years of age, depressive disorders are more than twice as common in females as in males (Angoid et al., 1999). Female adolescents, a group disproportionately affected by depression, experience heightened interpersonal, relationship stress relative to their male peers (Rudolph, 2002; Hampel and Petermann, 2006; Teva et al., 2010).