SWAP70 Was Overly Simple Previously, But These Days It Is Close To Impossible

9.1. Hop-Count Measurement The hop-count parameter is significant in TLQoS as it is the only time-invariant parameter considering the low-mobility or lower frequency in topology change. The neighbor manager sets the hop-count of a node upon receiving HELLO packet from its neighbors. Initially, all nodes except the sink will initialize their hop-count value to a very large number while the hop-count for sink will be 0. Upon receiving HELLO packet from a neighbor, nj �� NB(ni); a node, ni updates its hop-count value as follows: IF (HC(nj) + 1 �� HC(ni)), then HC(ni) = HC(nj) + 1 Thus, the hop-count value is determined as the minimum hop-count to the BC i.e., the shortest path length. However, if a node ni detects any topological changes then it recalculates the hop-count as HC(ni)=min[HC(nj)]+1,?nj��NT (21) 4.9.2. Delay Estimation The Delay Estimator module of a node ni estimates BIBW2992 order the average node delay, Dniavg as follows: Dniavg=DniDCQ?+Dtr?+Dniproc+Dprop (22) Here, DniDCQ? denotes the average queuing delay of DCQ at node ni, Dtr? is the average transmission delay, Dniproc is the processing delay at node ni , and Dprop is the propagation selleck screening library delay. Among these four types, DniDCQ? and Dtr? dominates the total latency. Dniproc is trivial and assumed to be same for all packets and Dprop is the light speed propagation delay, hence these delays are ignored. In node delay estimation, TLQoS considers only delay sensitive packets that include Cr and Dc traffic, since the delay parameter is considered for the route selection of delay sensitive packets only as discussed in Section 4.5. Queuing delay for DCQ, DniDCQ is usually the interval between SWAP70 the time when a delay sensitive packet enters into the queue and the time it is ready for transmission. The running average of queuing delay, DniDCQ? is estimated using the Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) formula [22] as follows: DniDCQ?=(1?��)DniDCQ?+��DniDCQ(curr) (23) Here, DniDCQ(curr) is the current observation of queuing delay at ni, �� is a weighting factor which satisfies 0