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14,15 It is also possible that serum 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration is a stronger determinant of cathelicidin production than 25-hydroxyvitamin D, because it is the main active metabolite of vitamin D and has previously been shown to correlate with serum cathelicidin levels.23 However, measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D is regarded as the most accurate method of determining vitamin D status because it has a serum half-life of weeks compared learn more with the half-life of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, which is less than 4?h. Moreover, 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency results in a compensatory increase in parathyroid hormone secretion, which increases renal 1-alpha hydroxylase activity, maintaining 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in the normal or even elevated range.11 Lower values of serum cathelicidin showed a non-significant trend to an association with higher 30-day mortality. This appears to be consistent with research showing that cathelicidin supplementation is protective in murine models of sepsis.24 In addition, lower serum cathelicidin levels predict increased mortality due to infections over the following year in patients undergoing haemodialysis.23 An unexpected finding was that serum cathelicidin levels did not fall Selleckchem MK 8776 after recovery from the acute admission. This contrasts with previous studies of antimicrobial peptide levels in pneumonia, which showed trends to higher defensin levels during the acute phase of illness and a fall after completion of therapy, although these were small studies with sample sizes of less than 20.14,15 In our cohort, there Thymidine kinase was a strong correlation between cathelicidin levels on admission and at follow up (Spearman's rho?=?0.59, P?