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To analyze the kinetics of deoxy-Hb/Mb during moderate- and severe-intensity exercises, deoxy-Hb/Mb were fitted with a monoexponential model in the following equation: 3 where deoxy-Hb/Mb (t) represents deoxy-Hb/Mb at a given time t; deoxy-Hb/Mb baseline is the baseline data before the onset of both step transients; A, TD, and �� represent amplitude, time delay, (-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate and time constant, respectively. This study employed a monoexponential model to determine the muscle deoxygenation dynamics in both exercise intensities (DeLorey et?al. 2003). The time delays to an initial increase in deoxy-Hb/Mb after each step transition to moderate- and severe-intensity exercises were determined as the first point >1 SD above the mean of the baseline (DeLorey et?al. 2003). Thereafter, deoxy-Hb/Mb was fitted from the time of initial increase to 120-sec during each intensity exercise. The basal information (e.g., amplitude) for deoxy-Hb/Mb was obtained with same time intervals to pulmonary VO2. The overall mean response time was calculated as the sum of the time delay and time constant. In a pilot study, ICC scores of the deoxy-Hb/Mb kinetics parameters during moderate- and severe-intensity phases of the work-to-work test were 0.883 and 0.897 for time delay, 0.910 and 0.973 for time constant, and 0.954 and 0.983 for the mean response time, respectively. Blood glucose and lactate The fingertip blood sample was collected into a selleck products capillary tube to determine this website the blood glucose and lactate levels. A basal blood glucose level was measured to check for the fasting state before the CON or IPC trials on each testing day using a glucose analyzer (Glutest Neo Alpha; Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Nagoya, Japan). The fasting blood glucose level was equal on each testing day for the CON (93?��?3?mg/mL) and IPC (97?��?5?mg/mL). The blood [lactate] levels were measured five times throughout the experiment using a lactate analyzer (Lactate Pro 2; Arkray, Kyoto, Japan). Blood sampling was performed as follows: before each trial (i.e., rest), 30?sec preceding the onset of the low-intensity exercise (i.e., pre-exercise), 30?sec preceding the transition to moderate-intensity exercise (i.e., end of low-intensity exercise), 30?sec preceding the transition to severe-intensity exercises (i.e., end of moderate-intensity exercise), and as soon as possible (