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88, p?=?0.015; ��?=?0.40, 95%CI 0.02,0.78, p?=?0.041 respectively) whereas children with atopy were significantly more likely to relapse and re-present for medical care by day 14 (OR 1.11, 95%CI 1.00,1.23, p?=?0.042). Conclusions:?Viruses are associated with asthma exacerbations but do not appear to influence asthma recovery. In contrast, eczema is associated with delayed recovery from acute asthma while atopy is associated with asthma relapse. BAINES K1,2, UPHAM J3, YERKOVICH S3,4, CHANG A5,6, MARCHANT J3,5, CARROLL M3, SIMPSON J1,2, GIBSON P1,2 1Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia, 2Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton, Australia, 3School of Medicine, The University UMI-77 chemical structure of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 4Qld Lung Transplant Service, The Prince Megestrol Acetate Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia, 5Department of Respiratory Medicine, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia, 6Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia Introduction:?Protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is a common and treatable cause of chronic wet cough in children in which the mechanisms are not understood. Aim:?To investigate the interleukin (IL)-1 pathway and a neutrophil gene expression signature in PBB. Method:?Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was collected from children in an experimental cohort (n?=?21 PBB, n?=?33 controls), and a second validation cohort (n?=?36 PBB; n?=?11 controls). Interleukin (IL)-1�� and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) were assayed by ELISA, western blot and qPCR, together with selected IL-1 pathway members and neutrophil related molecules. Results:?Children with symptomatic PBB had significantly higher levels of IL-1�� protein and mRNA. IL-1RA was also higher; however, the IL-1RA:IL-1�� ratio was lower in PBB than controls. IL-1�� levels lowered when PBB was treated selleck compound and resolved. In children with recurrent PBB, gene expression of the IL-1�� signalling molecules pellino-1 and IL-1 receptor associated kinase 2 was significantly higher. IL-1�� correlated with BAL neutrophilia, and the duration and severity of cough symptoms. Neutrophil mediators including ��-defensins 1�C3 and chemokine receptor CXCR2 were also higher in PBB. Conclusion:?PBB is characterized by increased IL-1�� pathway activation. IL-1�� and related mediators were associated with BAL neutrophils, cough symptoms and disease recurrence, providing insight into PBB pathogenesis. BANTON G1,2, BENNETT C2, HALL G1, SIMPSON S1 1Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, 2Deakin University Introduction:?Recent improvements in neonatal care have resulted in viability of infants at lower gestational ages, and increased numbers of very preterm survivors (