Some Intimidating But Nonetheless , Exciting PRDX4 Strategies

Figure 4 Acanthamoeba belonging to T5 genotype Duvelisib cell line with round-shape endocysts (��400) isolated from tap water in the north of Kish Island, Iran. Figure 5 Vermamoeba vermiformis trophozoites (right) and cysts (left) isolated from tap water in the north of Kish Island, Iran. Table 1 Percent contamination of tap water sources in different district of Kish Island, Iran. The 14 Acanthamoeba isolates amplified a 500-bp product using the DF3 region primers, and the sequencing results revealed the presence of various genotypes, including T3 (NL15, NL19) (corresponding to A. griffini) (14.2%), T4 (57.1%), T5 (NL14, NL18, NL33) (corresponding to A. lenticulata) (21.42%), and T11 (NL17) (7.1%) (Table 2). T4 was the most prevalent detected genotype. It should be mentioned that no Balamuthia, Vahlkampfiids, or Sappinia isolates were detected in this survey. Table 2 Location and distribution of free-living amoebae in tap water sources of Kish Island. This work was performed to detect the presence of FLA in the tap water supplies in Kish Island, southern Iran. The obtained results revealed that 38.2% of the tested water sources were contaminated with potentially pathogenic amoebae. This may highlight that, despite the filtration, chlorination, and treatment processes, amoebae are able to colonize the water distribution systems in the area probably by biofilm formation, as previously suggested in other regions by Cabral et al.23 The most contaminated water was in the northern region, which PRDX4 also presents one of the oldest water distribution systems on the Island. There are several reports regarding contamination of recreational water sources in Iran and around the world, including hot springs, recreational river waters, ponds, and swimming pools.21,22,24 The range of contamination in different kinds of water sources has been recorded from this website 23% to even 89%.4,24,25 Worldwide, a few studies have also shown the presence of potentially pathogenic Acanthamoeba spp. in tap water sources.23,26,27 A study conducted by Hoffmann and Michel in Germany revealed that water sources are widely contaminated with FLA even after filtration processes.28 In addition, Ozcelic et al showed that FLA were observed in 30% of tap and recreational water sources in Turkey.27 However, chlorine may destroy other FLA, such as Vahlkampfiids, Sappinia, and Balamuthia. Water purification in Kish Island consists of both filtration and chlorination procedures. However, according to this study, these processes are not eliminating these amoebae, most likely because of the ability of these organisms to form resistant cysts. Notably, chlorine has been reported not to eliminate Acanthamoeba in the doses used for water treatment.7,10,11 In addition, Thomas et al in 2008 showed that there is a high biodiversity of FLA and associated bacteria in water treatment plants.