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2. Chromosomal makeup of 3PN embryos Although it has been demonstrated that 3PN zygotes generally have 3 haploid sets of chromosomes, several studies of 3PN embryos have revealed triploid, diploid, or severely abnormal karyotypes [3,4,6,8,10,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,30]. However, studies reporting mosaic chromosome imbalances in normal 2PN in vitro fertilized embryos showed that chromosome instability also occurs during normal human embryogenesis [31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40]. This instability Doxorubicin supplier could be a result of the inactive embryonic genome rendering normal mechanisms for induction of apoptosis in chromosomal abnormal cells impossible [33,34,38]. This is supported by reports suggesting a decrease in the proportion of aneuploid cells at the blastocyst stage [33,35,38]. FARP1 The aneuploidy and mosaicism previously reported in 3PN embryos [3,4,6,8,10,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,30] could, therefore, be a ""normal"" developmental event with an etiology as mentioned above and not a consequence of the 3PN status. If the aneuploidy and mosaicism found in 3PN embryos were the effect of a ""normal"" developmental event alone, there would presumably be no difference in the degree of coordination of the number of signals for different chromosomes in 3PN ICSI and IVF embryos. However, 3PN ICSI nuclei displayed a higher degree of coordination between numbers of signals for different chromosomes than 3PN IVF nuclei. A possible explanation might be different numbers of centrioles in the 3PN zygote. In the human zygote the first mitotic division is controlled by the paternally inherited centriole [10,11]. Fertilization with two spermatozoa introduces 2 centrioles into the oocyte. Abnormal cleavage directly into 3 cells, has been reported in cells with extra centrioles [5,7,10,11,41]. The vast majority of 3PN IVF zygotes are of dispermic origin and thus more likely to have extra centrioles [42]. Concordantly, we have previously observed that significantly find more more 3PN IVF zygotes cleaved early into 3 cells-defined as a duration of the 2-cell stage of less than 1 hour-than either 3PN ICSI or 2PN IVF zygotes [43]. If, in fact, the cells showing ""early cleavage into 3 cells"" actually undergo direct cleavage into 3 cells, then the 3PN IVF embryos would be expected to display a reduction in the number of chromosomes per cell, since the triploid genome - after duplication and syngamy of the pronuclei-is divided into 3 cells instead of the normal 2. This could explain why 3PN IVF nuclei in this study tended to have a chromosome count