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Thus, alcohol consumption may confer a cardioprotective effect when used in moderation through an AKT/NRF2-dependent mechanism. FMO5 ""There are robust sex differences for alcohol phenotypes, with men reporting more drinking and alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms than women. However, the sources of these effects are not completely understood. Sex hormones, a substantial biological sex difference, exert neurobehavioral influences and are candidates for influencing sex differences in alcohol phenotypes. This study investigated the effects of prenatal androgens based on the hypothesis of prenatal hormone transfer, which posits that hormones from one twin influence the development of a cotwin. This study compared female twins from opposite-sex (OSF) and same-sex (SSF) pairs to investigate associations between prenatal androgens and alcohol phenotypes. Additional analyses distinguished prenatal and postnatal effects by comparing OSFs and SSFs with a close-in-age older (CAO) brother. OSFs endorsed more lifetime AUD symptoms than SSFs (d?=?0.14). Females with a CAO brother reported greater intoxication frequency (d?=?0.35), hangover frequency (d?=?0.24), typical drinking quantity (d?=?0.33), and max drinks (i.e., the most drinks ever consumed in a 24-hour period; d?=?0.29). Controlling for postnatal effects, OSFs still endorsed more lifetime AUD symptoms than SSFs with a CAO brother (d?=?0.16). Prenatal exposure to a male cotwin was associated with increases in AUD symptoms, above PF-06463922 the effect of postnatal exposure to a male sibling. Prenatal exposure to a male cotwin was not associated with increases in other alcohol-related phenotypes, but postnatal exposure to older male siblings produced medium effect sizes for indicators of alcohol consumption. Sex differences in AUDs, but not alcohol use, may be partially due to the neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal androgens. However, sibling effects may be larger than any effect of prenatal androgen exposure. ""To ascertain the incidence of preoperative anaemia in a cohort of patients undergoing major gynaecological surgery in a tertiary Australian hospital over a two-year period and to investigate whether it is associated with an increased rate of transfusion Selleckchem Bafilomycin A1 or complications. Using the Western Australian Patient Blood Management (PBM) Data System, we obtained data for 843 women undergoing major gynaecological surgery over a two-year period at King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia. We used regression analysis to investigate the relationship between preoperative anaemia, red cell transfusion, length of hospital stay and complications. Preoperative anaemia was present in 18.1% of women and was associated with a significantly increased risk of receiving a red cell transfusion (OR?=?5.74, P?